华盛顿 第三集 翻译：hardstick 校订：hardstick 时间轴：hardstick
（1781年一月，弗吉尼亚 里士满）
（旁白：杰夫丹尼尔斯 导演，演员，美剧《新闻编辑室》主演，奥斯卡奖、金球奖、艾美奖得主）
- After six long years, -在漫长的六年之后，
the British are striking directly at the heart of the Patriot cause in a bid to finally end the war. 英国人正直接打击爱国者事业的核心，目的是要最终结束战争
- 20 hogshead. - 20大桶。
Pure Virginia tobacco. 纯弗吉尼亚烟草。
A man could live off that for years. 一个人可以靠这个活好几年。
- At the tip of the spear is the man who nearly took down the Continental Army with an act of betrayal. - 那个处于锋口矛尖的人，用他的背叛行为，几乎差点儿就毁掉了大陆军。
- The turncoat Benedict Arnold is now a British brigadier general — 叛徒本尼迪克特·阿诺德，现在成了一名英军的准将，
on the front lines of their latest strategy to crush the rebel spirit 他活跃在英国镇压反叛精神的最新战略的前沿，
and rouse a loyalist army to fight the Patriots. 并召唤一支忠于英国国王的军队，来对抗爱国者。
- Burn it all. -把这都烧了。
- The British think, okay,we're gonna sweep south and get control here in a way that we haven't before. - 英国人认为，好吧，我们要向南扫荡，以一种前所未有的方式，控制这里。
There's a lot of action happening on a lot of fronts at this point. 在这一时间节点上，在很多方面，都发生了很多行动。 （乔安妮B.弗里曼，耶鲁大学）
- Arnold is sent to the Chesapeake -阿诺德被派到了切萨皮克，
to attack the American forces in Washington's backyard, 用来攻击在华盛顿后方的美国军队， （纳撒尼尔.菲尔布里克，国家图书获奖获奖作家）
and soon Richmond,the capital of Virginia,is in flames. 很快，弗吉尼亚的首府，里士满，就陷入了一场大火之中，
- It's a double blow not only to have betrayed - 这是双重的背叛打击， （道格拉斯.布拉德伯恩，弗农山庄的总经理兼CEO）
for the cause, but then to lead a successful raid in the heart of the revolution. 不仅背叛了独立事业，还在革命中心，成功领导了一次突袭。
It made Americans furious. 这让美国人非常愤怒。
（17814年一月，纽约州 新温莎，华盛顿的指挥部）
- What is it,Lieutenant Colonel Hamilton? -怎么了，汉密尔顿中校？
- We just received word. -我们刚收到消息。
Arnold has been sighted in the south. 有人在南方，发现了阿诺德。
- Where? -哪里？
- Virginia. -弗吉尼亚。
Outside Richmond. 在里士满的外围。
- Virginia. -弗吉尼亚。
How many men does Arnold command? 阿诺德指挥多少人？
- It's hard to be certain. -人数很难确定。
Over a thousand.Less than 1,500? 超过一千。至少也有1500人？
- Send the marquis. -派侯爵去那里。
- I suppose we could spare a thousand men, but-- -我想我们可以抽出一千个人，但是...
- Well, if the reports are accurate,Lafayette will be outnumbered. -如果报告是准确的，拉法耶特将寡不敌众。
- Well, our troopsv are already stretched thin, and if we truly aim to reclaim New York-- -我们的兵力已经很紧张了，如果我们真的想夺回纽约...
- I would prefer,when I return home,Arnold has not reduced it to ashes. -我更希望，当我回家的时候，阿诺德没有把它化为灰烬。
- Hmm. -嗯。
Still no word from the French. 法国方面，仍然没有消息。
- Rochambeau is waiting to hear from his admirals. - 罗尚博正在等待他的将军们的消息。
For now, their ships remain anchored off Rhode Island. 目前，他们法国的船只，仍停泊在罗德岛附近。
Perhaps if they see the urgency in destroying Arnold's forces, 也许，如果他们看到摧毁阿诺德军队的紧迫性，
they will finally join this war in earnest. 他们最终会认真参加这场战争的。
Our fleet has remained idle far too long. 我们的舰队闲置太久了。
- The French have been allied to America since early 1778, -法国自1778年初以来一直与美国结盟，
and while they have a fleet and more than 5,000 troops stationed in New England, 虽然他们在新英格兰地区，驻扎了一支舰队，和5000多名士兵，
they have yet to join the fight. 但他们还没有加入战斗。
- Washington has been cultivating Rochambeau to plan for an all-out assault on New York City. - 华盛顿一直在联络交好罗尚博，以计划对纽约市的全面进攻。
He still believes that's the best way to win the war. 他仍然相信，这是赢得战争的最好方法。 （爱德华G.伦格尔，乔治华盛顿传记作者）
- But the French commander Comte de Rochambeau isn't convinced. - 但法国指挥官罗尚博伯爵，并不抱有信心。
And for now, 但现在，
Washington must face the British surge on his own. 华盛顿必须独自面对，英国的增兵。
- Provide the marquis with 1,200 soldiers. - 为侯爵提供1200名士兵。
- Yes, sir. - 是的，长官。
With the French support or not, the marquis will have the traitor's head on a pike. 不管法国是否支持，侯爵都会把叛徒的头，挂在长矛上。
- As long as he is brought before me in the end, the state of his person bears no concern. -只要他最终被带到我面前，他本人的状况，与我无关。
- Washington's determination to catch Arnold isn't just personal, - 华盛顿要抓住阿诺德的决心，不仅仅是出于个人原因，
it's imperative. 这是必要的。
By January, 1781,the revolutionary cause is teetering on the edge. 到1781年1月，独立革命事业，摇摇欲坠。
- Like every war, people think that this is gonna be over pretty quickly. -就像每一场战争一样，人们认为，战争很快就会结束。 （安妮特.戈登里德，普利策历史奖获得者）
And they could not have had the resources or understood what a protracted thing this was going to be. 他们不可能有足够的资源，也不知道，这将是一场旷日持久的战争。
- The spirit of 1776 that had fueled this revolution in the beginning was long gone. - 1776年的精神，在一开始就推动了这场革命，但这种精神，早已不复存在。
The American people were tired of war. 美国人民厌倦了战争。
- Because the economy has collapsed, - 因为经济已经崩溃，
because Congress is ineffective, 因为国会的无能，
because people are losing focus, 因为人们正在失去焦点，
even Washington admits 甚至华盛顿也承认，
that if this goes much longer,we've lost. 如果这种情况持续更长时间，我们就输了。
- It's not just the country that's wavering,it's also the troops. - 摇摆不定的，不仅是这个国家，还有军队。
After years without sufficient food or salary, 由于多年来没有足够的食物和军饷，
incidents of mutiny in the Continental Army are rising. 这导致了，大陆军的兵变事件，不断增加。
- The troops are beginning to lose their hope. - 部队开始失去希望了。
In particular,they've not been paid. 特别是，他们没有得到报酬。
This is a big problem. 这是一个大麻烦。
- Congress doesn't have the money,so the soldiers were told, - 国会没有钱，所以士兵们被告知， （阿兰,泰勒，普利策历史奖获得者）
"We'll pay you at the end of the war." “我们会在战争结束时，付钱给你们。”
They've been provided alcohol and firearms,but that's about it. 他们尽得到了酒类和枪支，但仅此而已。
- It is in vain to think an army can be kept together much longer - 认为这支军队，在经受了这么多的苦难之后， （摘自1874年1月5日，给新英格兰地区诸州的通函）
under such a variety of sufferings as ours has experienced, 还能长久地保持团结，这是简直是在，自欺欺人，
and that,unless some immediate and spirited measures are adopted 除非立即采取一些积极的措施，
to furnish at least three months' pay to the troops, 向部队提供至少三个月的军饷，
clothe and feed them better, 改善他们的穿衣伙食，
the worst that can befall us may be expected. 否则，我们能预料到的最坏情况，将降临我们的头上。
（1781年1月2日，新泽西 庞普敦，大陆军营地）
- Three years. - 三年了。
We've been out here three years fighting. 我们出来打仗，已经三年了。
No food, 没有吃的，
no shelter. 没有住的。
When was the last time you had a decent pair of boots on your feet? 你上次穿一双像样的靴子，是什么时候？
- Never. - Yeah. -从来没有过。 -是的。
- And what about pay? - Yeah. -那军饷呢？ -同样的。
- We expected to risk our lives for free? - 难道我们想白白冒生命危险吗？
- No. - No. -不想。 -不想。
- Go through hell and not even receive a decent belly full before nightfall? -熬过地狱，在夜幕降临前，连一顿像样的饭，都吃不到？
- No. - Yeah. -吃不到。 -是的。
- They said things would change. -他们说，事情会改变的。
- Yeah. - Yeah. -是的。 -没错。
- And we listened to them.- Yeah. -而我们就听他们的话了。 -是的。
- Yeah. - Yeah. -是的。 -是的。
- Well, I tell you, - 那么，我告诉你们，
nothing will change unless we make it. 除非我们成功，否则一切都不会改变。
- Yeah. - Yeah. -是的。 -是的。
- So I say we march. - 那我们就开拔吧。
- Yeah. - Yeah. -是的。-好的。
- Tell it to them face to face! - Yeah! -当面告诉他们！ —是的!
- And if we need to spill blood... - 如果我们要流血…
so be it. 那就流吧。
- Yeah! -是的！
- No more without pay. - 不要再欠饷了。
No more without food! - Yeah! 不要再克扣军粮了！ -是啊！
- No bread, no soldiers! - No more soldiers. -没有面包，就没人当兵！ -没人当兵了。
- No bread,no soldiers. -没有面包，就没有士兵。
No bread, no soldiers. No bread, no soldiers. 没有面包，就没有士兵。没有面包，就没有士兵。
- The New Jersey troops will soon march toward Trenton to demand what they're owed by force. -新泽西的军队，很快就会向特伦顿进军，以武力要求归还欠饷。
- Let us go! -我们干吧！
- Washington is watching the American war effort wither on the vine. - 华盛顿看着，美国的战争努力，正在藤上枯萎。
And this adds to Washington's anxiety. 这增加了华盛顿的焦虑。
"How do I present as good a face on this as possible when actually things are not that good?" “在实际情况不尽如人意时，我该如何在这件事上，处理得尽可能得好？”
（1781年一月，纽约州新温莎，华盛顿的指挥部）
- We have earned the respect of the French, and now this. -我们刚赢得了法国人的尊重，现在又发生了，这种情况。
What will they think? 他们会怎么想？
How will the world see us when we cannot even manage our own men? 如果我们连自己的人都管不好，世界会怎么看我们？
- Your orders, sir? - 请下命令，长官？
- Send as large a detachment as we can spare. - 派出尽可能多的“直属分遣队”。
Force the soldiers back into line. 迫使士兵们回到本队。
Execute the leader. 处决带头闹事的。
- You have to understand these young people lost confidence in their leaders which is where a mutiny comes from. - 你必须明白，这些年轻人对他们的领导人失去了信心，这就是兵变的由来。
- No, bread, no soldiers! - 没有面包，就没人当兵！
- But you had to knock it down as fast as you could. -但你必须尽快，把哗变扑灭。
You couldn't let it spread because it's like a virus. 你不能让它传播，因为它就像病毒一样。 （科林.鲍威尔将军）
If it's not dealt with immediately,it will infect the whole organization. 如果不立即处理，就会影响到全军。
- Go on! - Yeah. -继续闹吧！ -好的。
（1781年1月27日，新泽西 庞普敦，大陆军营地）
- Mutiny is tearing apart the army that George Washington struggled to hold together through six years of war. 哗变，正在撕裂乔治·华盛顿在六年战争中，努力维持的军队。
Now, with the revolutionary cause at risk, 现在，革命事业危在旦夕，
he's restoring order among his New Jersey troops by force. 他要用武力，恢复新泽西军队的秩序。
- The object is to compel the mutineers to unconditional submission. - 目的是，迫使哗变者,无条件投降。 （1781年1月22日，给罗伯特.豪伊少将的命令）
- The mutiny has been broken up. - 哗变已经平息了。
The men have been disarmed. 这些人已经解除了武装。
They are ordered to reveal their ringleaders. 他们被命令，揭发他们的头目。 （爱德华G.伦格尔，乔治华盛顿传记作者）
- Go on. - 继续。
Do it, then. 那就执行吧。
- You will represent to them how dangerous to civil liberty -你将向哗变者表明，这个先例，对公民自由是何等的危险，
the precedent is of armed soldiers dictating terms to their country. 照此先例，武装士兵可以向他们的国家，提出条件了。
- Drop. - Drop. -枪，放下。 -枪，放下
- Move. - Move. -交换。 -交换。
- The mutineers,they're given muskets and a choice. - 哗变者，被给予了火绳枪，和一个选择。
"Execute your ringleader “要么，处决你们的罪魁祸首，
or be executed. 要么，就被处决。
- Take aim! -瞄准！
- They have to raise their muskets -他们得把火绳枪举起来，
and, at the order, 并且，按照命令，
open fire on their own comrades. 向自己的战友，开了火。
- I spoke nothing but the truth. -我说的，都是实话啊。
- Fire! - 开火！
- It's good to be a nice guy, -做个好人，当然很好，
but at the end of the day in those days,you had to use these tools to keep an organization together. 但在那些日子里，你必须使用这些工具，来维系全军。 （科林.鲍威尔将军）
And he was up to that task. 他完成了这个任务。
- Washington's tactic stemmed the tide of mutiny and saved his army. - 华盛顿的手段，遏制了哗变的浪潮，挽救了他的军队。
But in the South,the British are more determined than ever to destroy it. 但在南方，英国人比以往任何时候，都更坚决地要摧毁它。
General Charles Cornwallis, 查尔斯.康沃利斯将军，
who has spent much of the past two years fighting in the Carolinas, 过去两年大部分时间，都在卡罗来纳战斗，
is now moving into Virginia. 现在正在向弗吉尼亚进军。
- General Cornwallis is one of the ablest British generals. - 康沃利斯将军，是不列颠最有能力的将军之一。
He's quick-minded.He moves aggressively. 他才思敏捷。他行动咄咄逼人。
He knows how to handle troops in the field. 他知道，如何在战场上指挥部队。
- Lord Cornwallis decides, -康沃利斯勋爵决定，
"I'm gonna go to Virginia. “我要去弗吉尼亚。
"Virginia is home to Washington,home to Jefferson, all these Patriot leaders. “弗吉尼亚，是华盛顿、杰斐逊，和大多数所谓‘爱国者头目’的故乡。
"If I can make them suffer,maybe I can get the Patriots to come to terms." “如果我能让他们受苦，也许我就能让这些所谓的‘爱国者’们，达成妥协。” （阿兰,泰勒，普利策历史奖获得者）
- As Cornwallis arrives, - 当康沃利斯到来的时候，
Benedict Arnold,who's continued to burn and loot the state, 本尼迪克特·阿诺德，那个继续焚烧和掠夺这个州的人，
is on his way out. 正要离开。
- Arnold is a great commander, - 阿诺德是个伟大的指挥官，
and he was considered that way by the British. 连英国人，也这么认为。
However, there are a lot of British officers 然而，还是有很多英军军官
who even see him as a traitor,as a man with no honor. 认为他是一个叛徒，甚至是，一个没有荣誉的人。 （道格拉斯.布拉德伯恩，弗农山庄的总经理兼CEO）
- Ah, General Cornwallis. - 啊，康沃利斯将军。
- Brigadier General Arnold. - 阿诺德准将
I have received reports of your progress here. 我收到了你在这里的进展报告。
- And yet I am still being replaced. - 但我还是被取代了。
I burn their ironworks in Weston, tobacco fields and warehouses in Richmond. 我烧毁了他们在韦斯顿的铁厂，里士满的烟草田和仓库。
Destroyed their gun powder,poured out their rum. 毁了他们的火药，倒掉了他们的朗姆酒。
- Yes, I know.I read the reports. - 是的，我知道。我读了报告。
- What we have to worry about now is the French. - 我们现在要担心的是，法国人。
We can no longer take our naval advantage for granted. 我们不能再把我们的海上优势，视为理所当然的优势了。
If we're not careful,we'll become vulnerable to attack by water. 如果我们不小心，就很容易受到来自水上的攻击。
- Well, then the responsibility is mine now. - 那现在，是我的责任了。
You need trouble yourself no further. 在不劳您费心了。
- As I experienced-- - If you will excuse me, - 正如我所经历的... - 失陪一下
Brigadier General, 准将，
we have important matters to attend to here, 我们有重要的事情要处理，
and I am sure... 我相信...
you need to prepare for your journey north. 你得准备北上了。
- Within a year, - 不到一年，
Arnold leaves for England with his wife Peggy, 阿诺德和他的妻子佩吉去了英国，
never again to set foot on American soil. 再也没有踏上美利坚的土地。
The first order of business for General Cornwallis 康沃利斯将军的第一项任务是
is to set up a base on the Chesapeake for the Royal Navy and his roughly 8,000 troops. 在切萨皮克海湾，为皇家海军和他的大约8000名士兵，建立一个基地。
By July, he chooses Yorktown. 到了7月，他选择了约克镇。
The post is easily accessible to the British fleet for resupply and reinforcement. 英国舰队很容易到达这个前哨基地，进行补给和增援。
But it's also vulnerable to the French, 但它也容易受到法国人的攻击，
who finally see an opening to mount a decisive strike against the British. 法国人终于看到了，对英国人进行决定性打击的机会。
Within weeks,the allies move into action. 几周内，法美盟军开始了行动。
- Cornwallis doesn't realize that the French are prepared to send a fleet to trap him in Virginia. - 康沃利斯没有意识到，法国人准备派舰队，把他困在弗吉尼亚。
- The French Navy was about to arrive at the Chesapeake. - 法国海军即将抵达切萨皮克湾。
If Washington and Rochambeau could get their armies down there as quickly as possible, 如果华盛顿和罗尚博，能尽快把他们的军队赶到那里，
the trap could shut around Lord Cornwallis. 这个陷阱，就能把康沃利斯勋爵围困起来。
（1781年9月5日，切萨皮克海湾）
- When the navies clash in September, - 当两国海军在9月发生冲突时，
the French score an unexpected victory, 法国人取得了意想不到的胜利，
giving the alliance control of the seas around Yorktown. 联盟军控制了约克镇周围的海域。
- For once, the French Navy defeats the Royal Navy and drives them away from the mouth of Chesapeake Bay. - 这一次，法国海军打败了皇家海军，把他们赶出了切萨皮克湾的入口。
- The French have achieved temporary,very brief naval superiority. - 法国取得了暂时的、非常短暂的海上优势。
This is the moment Washington has been looking for since 1775. 这是华盛顿自1775年以来，一直在寻找的时机。
- The allied army arrives on the outskirts of Yorktown within weeks, - 法美联军在几周内，抵达约克镇郊区，
cutting off Cornwallis' only remaining escape. 切断了康沃利斯唯一的逃生之路。
With a combined 19,000 French and Americans soldiers, 法国和美国共有19,000名士兵，
it's the most formidable fighting force Washington will ever command. 这是华盛顿有史以来，指挥的最强大的战斗力量。
To defeat Cornwallis, 为了打败康沃利斯，
Washington and his allies opt for a classic siege. 华盛顿和他的盟友选择了经典的围攻。
They create a series of trenches that creep ever closer to the enemy. 他们挖了一系列的战壕，越来越靠近敌人。
If all goes to plan, 如果一切按计划进行，
the British defenses should collapse in a matter of days. 英军的防线将在几天内崩溃。
（1781年10月6日，弗吉尼亚 约克镇）
- Report, -Major General Lafayette. - 报告！ -拉斐特少将。
- The trench should be completed by morning. -壕沟应该在早上完工。
- Then we move up the artillery. -然后我们把大炮调上去。
- Rochambeau and his best men are with Knox now, -罗尚博和他精锐部队，现在和诺克斯在一起，
reviewing placements and positions. 检查兵力布置和火力位置。
- Good. - 很好。
- My countrymen are finally think for themselves. -我的同胞们，终于为他们自己考虑了。
You Americans are fast learners. 你们美国人，学东西很快。
- What other choices do we have? - 我们还有别的选择吗？
- The present moment offers in prospect - 当前时刻预示着, （1781年9月29日，华盛顿将军给全军下达的命令）
the epoque which will decide American independence and the glory and superiority of the allies. 决定美国独立，和她的盟国的荣耀与优势的时代，即将到来。
The liberties of America and the honor of the allied arms are in our hands. 美国的自由，和她的盟国的荣誉，掌握在我们手中了。
- This is the moment where it all comes together for Washington. - 这一刻，对华盛顿来说，可谓是“百感交集”。 （纳撒尼尔.菲尔布里克，国家图书获奖获奖作家）
（1781年10月9日）
It was almost beyond his ability to comprehend that finally, 最终还是出乎他的意料，
after six years of thinking it was all about to fall apart, 六年来，他原本一直以为，他要崩溃了，
it was all on the edge of actually happening. 所有的“出乎意料”，马上就要，实际发生了。
（1781年10月11日，弗吉尼亚 约克镇）
Everyone... 各个炮位...
fire! 开火！
Fire! 开火！
Reload. 装填弹药。
- Direct hit after direct hit. - 一次又一次地，直接命中。
- General George Washington's dreamed of launching a grand assault on the enemy since the day the war began. - 自开战那天起，乔治·华盛顿将军就梦想着，对敌人发动一次，大规模的袭击。
And now he finally has the fire power. 现在，他终于有了火力。
Thousands of troops and dozens of heavy guns are being added to his arsenal, 他的武器库中，增加了数千名士兵和数十门重炮，
thanks to the French and their commander Comte de Rochambeau. 这多亏了法国人，和他们的指挥官，罗尚博伯爵。
- Increase our bombardment. - 扩大我军的炮击范围。
We cannot let the British to rebuild their fortifications. 我们不能让英国人，重建他们的防御工事。
- I doubt they will hold for another day. -我怀疑他们能否坚持一天。
- And I doubt, Henry,that they will give up so easily. -亨利，我怀疑，他们不会这么轻易放弃的。
- Incoming! - 进来！
- 48 hours into the bombardment. - 炮轰历经48小时。
- Out. All of you. -你们所有人，都出去。
- Entrapped by Washington's forces... - 由于被华盛顿的部队围困了...
General Cornwallis is pinning all his hopes on reinforcement. 康沃利斯将军把全部希望，寄托在增援上。
- Sir, I can only repeat that nothing but a successful naval action can save me. - 长官，我只能再说一遍，只有成功的海军行动，才能救我。 （1781年10月11日，给北美英军总司令，亨利.克林顿的信）
We have lost about 70 men, 我们损失了70个人，
and many of our works have been seriously damaged. 我们的很多工事，都受到了严重破坏。
Against so powerful an attack, 面对如此强大的攻击，
we cannot hope to make a very long resistance. 我们不能指望，进行长期抵抗。
Et cetera, et cetera,et cetera. 等等，等等，诸如此类。
- Where do we stand? - 我军能抵近到哪里？
- Our bombardments have weakened them considerably. - 我们的炮击，大大削弱了他们。
- General Cornwallis has withdrawn most of his forces into the city as it stands. - 康沃利斯将军已将他的大部分部队，撤回了城中。 （1781年10月14日，炮击的第五天）
They're down to two fortifications with ops here and here. 他们只剩下两个防御工事，在这里和这里。
- If we take the Redoubts, -如果我们拿下这两个独立堡垒，
we can run our next trench all the way to the water. 我们可以把下一条壕沟，一直挖到河边。
- But then the barrels of our cannon, will breach the threshold of their position. -但我们的炮管，会突破他们的门槛。
- Known as Redoubts 9 and 10, the fortifications are the last line of defense - 被称为9号和10号独立堡垒，是防御工事的最后一道防线，
holding off the Americans from advancing their trench line 阻止了美国人继续向前，挖他们的壕沟，
to bombard the town at close range. 用以缩短炮击城镇的射程。
- How many men does number 10 hold? - 10号堡垒守军有多少人？
- Perhaps 50, -也许50人，
but heavily armed and well-fortified, 但是全副武装，防御严密，
it will certainly not be easy to take. 肯定不容易占领。
- We will need to overwhelm them. - 我们需要打垮他们。
- And catch them by surprise. - 让他们出其不意。
As soon as our men are spotted,they will come under heavy fire. 一旦我们的人被发现，他们就会遭到猛烈的攻击。
- Send 400 men. - 派400人过去。
Move out tonight under the cover of darkness. 今晚在夜幕的掩护下，开展行动。
- And who shall lead them? - 谁来领导这400人？
- Alexander. - 亚历山大。
- Hamilton is Washington's essential staff officer, - 汉密尔顿是华盛顿的重要参谋，
but he doesn't want to stay a staff officer 但他不想继续当参谋， （阿兰,泰勒，普利策历史奖获得者）
because real glory comes if you lead men in combat to victory. 因为只有在战斗中，领兵获胜，才能得到真正的荣耀。
Washington becomes dependent upon Hamilton's competence, so he's reluctant to see Hamilton go. 华盛顿开始依赖汉密尔顿的能力，所以他不愿意看到，汉密尔顿离开指挥部。
- Washington recognizes his own self in Hamilton. - 华盛顿在汉密尔顿身上，找到了自我。 （道格拉斯.布拉德伯恩，弗农山庄的总经理兼CEO）
Hamilton wants to command an army. 汉密尔顿想指挥一支军队。
This is how a man is made. 男儿当如是。
- This is command you've been seeking, is it not? - 这是你一直在渴望的命令，不是吗？
- Yes, sir. -是的，长官。
- The reward is high. -回报很高。
The risk is equally as great. 风险同样巨大。
- I shall not let you down, sir. -我不会让你失望的，长官。
- Then the command is yours. -那你就去指挥吧。
（1781年10月14日，晚7点）
- With Redoubt No. 10, - 在攻克10号堡垒中，
I think you see the American talent for improvisation coming to the fore. 我想，你看到了，美国人即兴表演的天赋。 （纳撒尼尔.菲尔布里克，国家图书获奖获奖作家）
They dispense with the usual protocols of clearing the way before you storm the ramparts. 他们省去了，在冲进壁垒之前需清理道路，这一通常的“流程”。
Hamilton said,"Let's just go for it." 汉密尔顿说：“让我们全力以赴吧。”
- Charge! - 冲锋！
Forward, men! Forward! 向前，战士们！向前冲！
Forward! 向前！
- Lieutenant Colonel Alexander Hamilton is leading the charge to break through the last line of defense around Yorktown. 亚历山大·汉密尔顿中校率领部队，冲破约克镇周围的最后一道防线。
- Aah! - 啊！
- Do not fall back! Forward! - 不要后退！前进!
- Onward! Onward! - 向前！向前！
- Fall back! Fall back! - 撤退！撤回去！
- The fighting is over in just a matter of minutes. - 战斗在几分钟内就结束了。
- Yeah! - 对了！
- With the taking of Redoubt No. 10,Hamilton is a legitimate war hero. - 拿下10号堡垒，汉密尔顿就成了，名副其实的战争英雄。 （纳撒尼尔.菲尔布里克，国家图书获奖获奖作家）
In many ways,it's the making of Hamilton. 在很多方面，这场战斗，造就了汉密尔顿。
- By the point those two Redoubts are captured,the writing is on the wall. - 到那两个堡垒被攻占的时候，战局就很明显了。 （爱德华G.伦格尔，乔治华盛顿传记作者）
- From their position at the captured Redoubts, - 从他们占领的堡垒的位置上，
the Americans unleash a punishing point-blank assault on the British. 美国人对英国人发起了一场，“惩罚性”的近距离攻击。
（1781年10月17日，炮击第八天）
Unsure if the reinforcements he's requested will ever arrive, 不确定他请求的援军，是否会到达，
Cornwallis has seen enough. 康沃利斯已经不忍目睹惨象了。
- Sir,I propose an immediate cessation of hostilities for 24 hours, - 长官，我建议，我们立即停止敌对行动24小时， （1781年10月17日，康沃利斯将军给乔治.华盛顿的信）
and that two officers be appointed from either side 双方各派两名军官
to discuss the terms of the surrender of the posts of York and Gloucester, 讨论约克和格洛斯特的投降条件，
et cetera, et cetera. 等等，诸如此类。
- Yorktown is a crucial,crucial moment in the war. - 约克镇是战争中，至关重要的时刻。
The fact that the Americans win that battle has huge psychological as well as military consequences. 美国人赢得这场战役的事实，在心理上和军事上，都产生了巨大的影响。 （乔安妮B.弗里曼，耶鲁大学）
On the British side, 在英国方面，
they're outraged that they've lost and that these Americans appear to have gotten the better of them. 他们对自己的失败感到愤怒，而这些美国人，似乎已经战胜了他们。
- And the Brits never quite understood what they were getting into, -英国人一直不太明白，他们卷入了什么，
and they underestimated the nation that had been created. 他们低估了，这个已经建立起来的国家。 （科林.鲍威尔将军）
It's a mistake many people have made over the years. 这是许多人，多年来，犯过的错误。
When you're defending a piece of land that's yours, 当你在保卫一块属于你的土地时，
you're prepared to die for it. 你得准备，为它而死。
- On October 19th, - 在10月19日，
after a three-week-long siege, 经过长达三周的围攻，
the two sides meet on the battlefield for a formal surrender ceremony. 双方在战场上，举行了正式的投降仪式。
- Cornwallis is too embarrassed,so he pretends that he's sick and he sends out a subordinate to surrender the sword. - 康沃利斯太尴尬了，所以他假装生病，派一个下属去交出剑。 (阿兰,泰勒，普利策历史奖获得者)
This is the second British Army to surrender. 这是第二支投降的英军。
The main British Army is still intact and still at New York City. 英军的主力部队，还盘踞在纽约。
But the will to fight in Great Britain is gone. 但是在大不列颠战斗的意志，已经消失殆尽了。
When word of Yorktown reaches Britain, 当约克镇的消息传到英国时，
Lord North,the prime minister,says,"Oh, my God, it's over." 英国首相诺斯勋爵说：“哦，我的上帝，一切都结束了。” （约瑟夫J.艾利斯，普利策历史奖获得者）
- While peace terms are being negotiated in Paris, Washington is not convinced that the war is over. 虽然，和平条款正在巴黎谈判，但华盛顿并不相信，战争已经结束。
He moves his headquarters to Newburgh, New York, 他把总部，搬到了纽约州的纽堡，
within striking distance of British-occupied New York City. 距离英国占领的纽约城很近。
- The king will push the war as long as the nation will find men or money. - 只要这个国家还能找到人手和资金，国王就会发动战争。 （1782年9月12日，给前副官詹姆斯.麦克亨利的信）
Let us prepare for the worst. 让我们做最坏的打算。
There is nothing which will so soon produce peace as a state of preparation for war. 没有什么比备战状态，更能迅速带来和平的了。
- The British stopped major action in North America, - 英国停止了在北美的主要行动，
but from Washington's point of view,that might not be permanent, 但从华盛顿的角度来看，这可能不是永久的， （道格拉斯.布拉德伯恩，弗农山庄的总经理兼CEO）
so he has to keep this army trained so it can respond and defend and fight if he needs to. 所以他必须让这支军队训练有素，以便在需要时能够做出反应，防御和战斗。
- But with Congress still failing to pay them more than a year after the battle at Yorktown, - 但在约克镇战役结束一年多后，国会仍未支付他们的军款，
Washington's troops are growing restless and angry. 华盛顿的军队，越来越焦躁，和愤怒。
- They've been given promises for years. -他们已经得到承诺很多年了。
Some of them have been there seven, eight years long. 有些人已经在那里呆了七八年了。
And so what happens is you start getting a conspiracy in the ranks to the officer corps who are saying, 所以，接下发生的是，你开始在军官阶层中得知了一个阴谋，他们说，
"Well, we're not gonna lay down our arms when the peace treaty arrives unless were paid by Congress. “好吧，我们不会在和平条约达成时，放下武器，除非国会出钱。
"And if need be,we're gonna march on Congress and force them to pay us." “如果有必要，我们会向国会进军，迫使他们付钱给我们。”
- What they're plotting is more than a mutiny. - 他们的阴谋，不仅仅是哗变。 （1783年3月15日，纽约州 纽堡，大陆军的指挥部）
It's a military takeover of the government, and they want Washington to lead it. 这是军方对政府的接管，他们希望华盛顿来领导。
- There's a group in the army that wants to march on Philadelphia and crown Washington emperor. - 军队里有一群人想进军费城，让华盛顿加冕称帝。
- George Washington,all of a sudden, -乔治·华盛顿，突然之间，
is this incredibly popular superstar with an Army that is loyal to him. 成为了一个非常受欢迎的超级巨星，拥有一支忠于他的军队。
What if he decided that he was gonna declare himself in charge, 如果他决定，他会宣布自己掌权的，
that he's gonna ask Congress to move along? 他会要求国会，采取行动吗？
- If you ask me,this is not a question of what we must do,the question is 如果你问我，我认为，这不是“我们必须做什么”的问题，
what we must do if Washington refuses to take charge. 而是，如果华盛顿拒绝承担责任，我们必须做什么。
- Right. - Yeah. -没错。 -是的。
- General Horatio Gates is among the officers pushing for Washington to lead a rebellion against Congress. - 霍雷肖·盖茨将军是推动华盛顿，领导一场反对国会的叛乱的军官之一。
Others, like Henry Knox,are urging caution. 其他人，像亨利·诺克斯等人，则敦促谨慎行事。
- How can we be certain? - 我们怎么能确定？
- Washington has made his assurances,and I have never known him to be a liar. - 华盛顿已经做出了保证，我从来不认为，他是个骗子。
The worst we can do is rush into action that cannot be undone. 我们所能做的最坏的事情，就是贸然采取，无法挽回的行动。
- Keep in mind that pretty much every great revolution that had been run before to take on tyranny, - 记住，几乎每一次反抗暴政的伟大革命， (约翰.阿瓦隆，《华盛顿的告别》作者)
the rebellious general soon revealed himself to be the new king and then a new kind of tyrant. 反叛的将军很快就会暴露自己是新国王，然后是一种新的暴君。
This is one of the most important early moments in the republic where things could've all gone south. 这是共和政体早期最重要的时刻，一切苗头都有可能向南方发展。
- The question before us is a simple one, I think. - 我认为，摆在我们面前的问题很简单。
Will we continue to allow 我们会继续让那些
the men who risked their lives in forging a new nation 冒着生命危险，建立一个新国家的人，
to be treated a second class? 受到二等公民的待遇吗？
- We face enough real issues than to allow ourselves to fall into hyperbole. -我们面对足够多的现实问题，而不是让自己陷入夸张的浮躁。
- Is it hyperbole to say we have been ignored,treated indifferently? -说我们被忽视，被冷漠对待，难道就是“夸张浮躁”？
I would list all our grievances,but every man here is well aware. 我想列出，我们所有的不满，但这里的每个人都很清楚。
- You know as well as I,Washington will not stand talk of rebellion. - 你和我一样清楚，华盛顿不会容忍谈论叛乱。
- What rebellion? - 什么叛乱？
It is the men in this room who led us to victory. 是这个房间里的人，曾带领我们走向胜利。
- Yes! -是的！
- Not those in Philadelphia. - 而不是费城的那些家伙们。
- There are other ways to ensure our grievances are heard. - 还有其他方法，可以确保我们的不满被听到。
- Letters, formal requests. - 通过信件，正式请求。
- Tell me, General Knox, -告诉我，诺克斯将军，
how has this helped us in the past? 这在过去，对我们有什么帮助？
- I for one put my trust in Washington, and I would counsel everyone here to do the same. -就我个人而言，我信任华盛顿，我建议在座的每一个人也这样做。
- And I would counsel that if Commander Washington is unwilling to do what is necessary, -我的建议是，如果华盛顿司令不愿意采取必要行动，
then we have no choice but to take matters into our own hands. 那么我们别无选择，只能自己动手解决问题。
- May I have permission to speakto speak? -我可以得到允许，讲话吗？
（1783年10月3月15日，纽约州 纽堡，大陆军指挥部）
- George Washington has led his army to victory against Britain. - 乔治·华盛顿率领他的军队战胜了英国。
But now some of his officers are counting on him to lead a new rebellion against their own government. 但现在，他的一些军官指望他领导一场，反对他们自己政府的“新叛乱”。
- Gentlemen... - 先生们...
- There have been plenty of revolutions, and most of them fail,and they fail because people get frustrated. - 有很多革命，但大多数都失败了，因为人们感到沮丧。
They don't know where their paycheck is coming from. 他们不知道，他们的薪水从哪里来。
These are relatable concerns that Washington is facing. 这些都是，华盛顿面临的相关担忧。 （阿莱克西丝.科尔，乔治.华盛顿传记作家）
- As I have never left your side one moment, - 因为我一刻也没有离开过，你们的身边，
as I have ever considered my own military reputation as inescapably connected with that of the army, 因为我一直认为，我自己的军事声誉，与军队的声誉，是不可避免地联系在一起的，
it can scarcely be possible,in this late stage of the war, that I am indifferent to its interests. 所以在战争的最后阶段，我不可能对军队的利益，漠不关心。
Let me entreat you on your part not to take any measures 让我恳求你们，不要采取任何冲动做法，
which, viewed in the calm light of reason, 从冷静理性的角度来，看待这些冲动做法，
will lessen the dignity and sully the glory you have hitherto maintained. 这些冲动的做法，会降低你们的尊严，玷污你们一直保持的荣耀。
- Washington tells his officers, - 华盛顿告诉他的军官们，
"No, you can't do this.You can't use the military to pressure Congress “不，你不能做这种事。你不能利用军队，向国会施压 （H.W.布兰兹，得克萨斯州立大学奥斯汀分校）
to get your back pay." - If you do what you are thinking of doing, 要回欠你的欠薪。” -如果你做了，你现在想做的事，
you will be undermining the very core principles that we have been fighting for for seven years. 你会破坏，我们为之奋斗了七年的核心原则。 （约瑟夫J.艾利斯，普利策历史奖获得者）
- Not only will the American experiment be killed in its cradle, - 不仅美国的实验，将被扼杀在摇篮里，
but it will reinforce everyone who says that self-government is not practical or possible. 而且还会让那些，说自治不现实或不可能的人，更加坚定。 （约翰.阿瓦隆，《华盛顿的告别》作者）
- And now... - 而现在...
regarding of issue of payment. 关于付款的问题。
I have recently received word from a Virginia congressman. 我最近收到，一位来自维吉尼亚国会议员的消息。
"Congress have been for some time past... “在过去的一段时间内，国会已经是...”
um, almost..." 嗯，几乎是...”
Apologies. 抱歉。
I have grown blind as well as gray in the service of my country. 在为国效力的过程中，我的视力变得模糊，头发变得花白了。
- He pulls out his spectacles from his, uh, breast pocket,unfolds them. -他从胸袋里掏出眼镜，打开。
And there he is,showing this, uh, frailty in front of his officers for the first time. 他就在那里，第一次在他的手下面前，表现出脆弱。 (道格拉斯.布拉德伯恩，弗农山庄的总经理兼CEO)
- "A short time will bring to a conclusion our efforts to this business, which I'm in hopes will terminate the adoption..." - “在这件事上，我们将努力很快了结它，我希望,这能是能让你们接受的...”
- When he shows that "I have aged during this time,that I have suffered, too," - 当他表示“我在这段时间里，变老了，我也遭受了苦难”时，
they understand that he hears them and he's working on their behalf. 军人们明白，他在倾听他们，他在为他们工作。
- It's Washington playing that moment. - 那一刻，是华盛顿在掌控。
What he does is use who he is and the symbolism of who he is to dissipate a situation. 他所做的就是，利用“他是谁，以及他象征的是谁”，来缓解局面。 （乔安妮B.弗里曼，耶鲁大学）
- And with that,shame kicks in, - 就这样，羞耻感涌上了人们的心头，
a sense of shared sacrifice that galvanized the officers and reminded them what they were fighting for. 一种共同奉献的感觉，激励着军官们，提醒他们为之战斗的是什么。
- You will, by the dignity of your conduct, - 你们将以你们行为的尊严，
afford occasion for posterity to say, 给后人提供机会说，
when speaking of the glorious example you have exhibited to mankind, 当谈到你们向人类展示的光荣榜样时，
"Had this day been wanting, “如果没有这一天，
"the world has never seen the last stage of perfection to which human nature is capable of attaining." “这个世界就永远看不到，人类本性所能达到的完美的最后阶段。”
- When you look at Washington in Newburgh, -当你看到纽堡的华盛顿，
it's hard not to remember this impulsive young man that he was during the French and Indian War. 人们很难不记得，这个在法国-印第安人争期间，那个冲动的年轻人。
And you think the reason that they trust him is that he has proven himself to be so steady, 你会认为，他们信任他的原因，是他已经证明了，自己是如此的稳定，
that he has proven himself to deliver the most outrageous win of all time. 他已经证明了，自己带来了，有史以来最惊人的胜利。
So if he can defeat one of the greatest superpowers in the world,he can deliver their pay. 所以，如果他能打败世界上最强大的超级大国之一，他就能给他们发薪酬。
- Washington and the Newburgh Address - 华盛顿和纽堡演说
is one of the very few moments in world history 是世界历史上少有的
where revolution in favor of liberty ended without a military coup and ended with the rule of law. 没有军事政变，而以法治结束的，支持自由的革命之一。
- Six months after Washington puts talk of a coup to rest, - 在华盛顿平息政变传言六个月后，
and nearly two years after the final battle at Yorktown, 在约克镇决战近两年后，
the Treaty of Paris is finally signed. 《巴黎条约》终于签署了。
The war is over. 战争结束了。
Providence is the word he uses a lot 他经常使用“靠上帝庇佑”这个词汇，
to try to describe to people how we won the war right after the war. 试图向人们阐述，我们是如何在战后，赢得战争的。
"If historians ever take to writing about this, “如果历史学家要写这篇文章，
"they will be accused to writing fiction “他们会被指控，在虚构历史，
"because no one will believe “因为没有人会相信，
"that, uh, a group of ragtag soldiers like this could ever possibly defeat the British Army and Navy." “像这样一群乌合之众的士兵，可能会打败英国陆军和海军。”
- On November 25th, 1783,seven years after running Washington out of New York, - 在1783年11月25日，在英国军队把华盛顿赶出纽约的七年后，
the Redcoats evacuate the city. 英国大兵们，撤离了城市。
Within hours,hundreds of citizens are lining the streets to celebrate 几个小时内，数百名市民站在街道两旁，欢迎
Washington's triumphant return to New York. 庆祝华盛顿凯旋纽约。
Soon after,the Continental Army is peacefully disbanded 不久之后，大陆军和平解散，
and Washington formally resigns his post as commander-in-chief. 华盛顿正式辞去总司令的职务。
- If you had just defeated the greatest empire in the world, the idea that you would then say - 如果你刚刚打败了世界上最伟大的帝国，你会说：
"Okay, thanks, I'm going to go farm and make whiskey and grow hemp," “好吧，谢谢，我要去农场，酿造威士忌和种植大麻，” (乔恩.米查姆，普利策历史奖获得者)
it wasn't done,but he did it. 主意还没想好，但他已经做到了。
- In England,when King George III hears that Washington has surrendered power and gone home, 在英国，当乔治三世国王听说华盛顿已经放弃权力回家时，
he replies by saying,"Well, if he did that, he will be the greatest man in the world." 他回答说：“好吧，如果他那样做了，他将成为世界上最伟大的人。”
（1783年圣诞夜，弗吉尼亚 弗农山庄）
- When George Washington wrote to Martha in 1775, - 1775年乔治·华盛顿写信给玛莎时，
he said,"I'll be home by Christmas," 他说：“我会在圣诞节前回家。”
he meant the following Christmas. 他指的是这年的圣诞节。
But it's already into the 1780s. 但这已经是18世纪80年代了。
- I am once again a private citizen, Martha. - 我又成了“平头大百姓”了，玛莎。
- And it did not take that long at all. - 并没有经过太长时间。
- Come, everything is ready. -来吧，一切都准备好了。
- I feel myself eased of a load of public care. - 我感到自己摆脱了公众关心的重负。 （1783年12月28日，给纽约州长乔治.克林顿的信）
I hope to spend the remainder of my days in cultivating the affections of good men 我希望用我的余生，来培养良善之人的关爱，
and in the practice of domestic virtues. 并实践家庭的美德。
- He's done his duty. -他已经尽了他的责任。
He doesn't assume that more is to come. 他并不认为，未来还会有更多的（责任）。
And he doesn't know that there's gonna be a new constitution. 他也不知道，会有一部新宪法出台。
He doesn't know there's gonna be anything called the presidency. 他不知道，还有什么叫“总统制”的。
- In the years immediately following the Revolution, - 在革命之后的几年里，
the young country is in turmoil. 这个年轻的国家，正处于动荡之中。
The 13 states are bound together under the Articles of Confederation. 13个州根据《邦联条例》联系在一起。
But while the pact allows Congress to enact laws, 但是，尽管该协议允许国会制定法律，
it has no power to enforce them. 它没有权力执行它们。
And there's no consensus among the states about how to run a government. 各州之间，也没有就如何管理政府，达成共识。
- All the states looked upon themselves as independent nations. - 所有的州在当时都认为，自己是独立的国家。
They owed nothing by way of sovereignty to any higher authority. 他们的主权，不属于任何更高的权威。
- They understood that there had to be strength in union, - 他们明白，联合必须有力量，
but they never wanted the strength in union to take their autonomy away. 但他们从不希望，联合的力量，会剥夺他们的自主权。
- The country had been ravaged by war, -国家饱受战争蹂躏， (琳赛M.切尔温斯基，白宫历史学家)
the economy had been destroyed,and there was no national currency. 经济遭到破坏，那时，还没有国家货币。
So Congress couldn't raise any money to pay off its national debt. 因此，国会无法筹集到任何资金，来偿还国债。
- The states all turned inward, - 各州都转向内部，
and you begin to have a variety of different kinds of disruptions and arguments and disagreements throughout the states. 各州开始出现各种各样的混乱、争论和分歧。
And, really, the fragility of what's being attempted here becomes very apparent. 而且，真的，在这里，想要达到企图的脆弱性，变得非常明显。
- And it looked as though the victories that had been won on the battlefield - 看起来，在战场上取得的胜利，
were gonna be lost in the halls of politics. 就要在政治殿堂中失去。
And for somebody like George Washington, in particular,this is really discouraging 特别是对于像乔治·华盛顿这样的人来说，这真的很令人沮丧的，
because by this time he's being called the father of his country 因为，此时，他被称为国父， （1786年秋，弗农山庄）
and his country is falling apart before his very eyes. 而他的国家，却在他眼前分崩离析。
- How melancholy is the reflection, - 反思起来，这是何等的可悲啊，
that in so short a space we should've made such large strides 在如此短的时空内，我们自己，却已迈出了一大步，
towards fulfilling the prediction of our transatlantic foe! 实现了我们大西洋彼岸的敌人的预言！
Leave them to themselves 把他们，交给他们自己，
and their government will soon dissolve. 他们的政府，很快就会解散。
Will not the wise and goods strive hard to avert this evil? 智慧和善良的人们，难道就不会努力避免，这种灾祸吗？
- In the spring of 1787,the Founding Fathers call on delegates from the 13 states to convene in Philadelphia. 1787年春天，“开国先贤们”召集13个州的代表，在费城开会。
Their mission,build a more effective union. 他们的使命，是建立一个更有效的联盟。
Benjamin Franklin, 本杰明·富兰克林，
Alexander Hamilton,now an assemblyman from New York, 亚历山大·汉密尔顿，现在，是来自纽约的议员，
and James Madison from Virginia 还有弗吉尼亚州的詹姆斯·麦迪逊
all agree to attend. 所有人都同意参加会议。
But George Washington is undecided. 但是，乔治·华盛顿，尚未决定。
- This is one of many moments in which people step forward - 这是许多人登门前来的时刻之一，
and say, "You know,it's pretty important that you'll be there. People trust you." 并说：“你知道吗，你能到场，是很重要的。人们信任你。”
And so he ends up being at the constitutional convention. 所以，他最终参加了制宪会议。
He presides over the constitutional convention, 他主持了制宪会议，
not because he's eager,necessarily, to shape things, but because he felt it was important to be there. 不是因为，他渴望制定章程，而是因为，他觉得，出席会议很重要。
- In its nearly four months in session the constitutional convention reinvents the American government, - 在近四个月的会议中，制宪会议重新创造了美国政府，
writing a new constitution that paves the way for Washington to be elected its first chief executive. 起草了一部新宪法，为华盛顿当选首任行政长官，铺平了道路。
- The Jeffersons, the Madisons,and all the others, assembled in Independence Hall in 1787. - 杰斐逊派、麦迪逊派和其他所有派别，于1787年，在独立厅集会。
And they all looked to him because he was a war hero. 各派系都崇拜他，因为他是一位战争英雄。 （科林.鲍威尔将军）
They wouldn't be there if it hadn't been for him. 如果不是因为他，他们不会在那里（开会）。
- It was understood without anybody having to say anything - 这是一种，“没有任何人持任何质疑”的共识，
that the presidency was gonna be occupied by George Washington. 总统大位，非乔治·华盛顿莫属。
It's one of the reasons that, in the Constitution, the presidency is simply sketched in. 这就是为什么，在《宪法》中，“总统制”只被简单地勾勒了出来。
They just looked over at Washington, said, 他们只是仰望着华盛顿，说，
"Okay, well,he'll figure it out." “好吧，他会搞定的。”
- Washington, right before he becomes president, is in the perfect position. - 华盛顿，就在他成为总统之前，处于一个完美的位置。
He has done the unthinkable. 他做什么，不用细思缜密。
He's won the Revolution. 他赢得了独立战争。
He is a celebrity in his own country and every country. 他在自己的国家，和每个国家都是名人。
The entire world respects him. 全世界都尊敬他。
He has everything to lose by becoming president. 当上了总统，他就失去了这一切。
1789年4月30日，纽约城
- George Washington spent decades of his life helping to create a new nation. - 乔治·华盛顿花了几十年的时间，帮助建立一个新国家。
Now 57, 在57名代表中，
he's the only man that people trust to lead it. 他是人们唯一信任的领袖。
His election to the presidency is unanimous. 他被全体一致地，选为总统。
- No president in American history did not wish to be president more than George Washington. - 美国历史上，没有哪位总统比乔治·华盛顿，更不想当总统的了。
- My movements to the chair of government - 在我走向政府主席宝座的过程中， （1789年4月1日，给亨利.诺克斯的信）
will be accompanied with feelings not unlike those of a culprit who is going to the place of his execution. 我是怀着，就像即将被送上刑场的罪犯一样心情，走完的。
- He knew, the minute he actually assumed the responsibilities of office, - 他知道，从他真正承担起职责的那一刻起， (比尔.克林顿总统)
no matter how good a job he did,he was gonna make some enemies. 无论他做得有多好，他都会树敌的。
And that frightened him a lot, 这让他很害怕，
but to then turn around and walk away from this new entity that he'd worked so hard to create, 但那样就转身离开，这个他苦心创造的新实体，
at the very moment when arguably he was needed most, 而且还是在这个，按理最需要他的时刻，
would've been deemed an act of selfishness which would contradict his code of honor. 会被认为是自私的行为，违背了他的荣誉准则。
- I do solemnly swear. - I do solemnly swear. -我庄严发誓。 -我庄严发誓。
- That I will faithfully execute the Office of President of the United States. - 我将忠实地执行，美国总统的职责。
- That I will faithfully execute the Office of President of the United States. - 我将忠实地执行,美国总统的职责。
- And will, to the best of my ability... - 我会尽我所能…
- And will,to the best of my ability... - 我会尽我所能…
- Preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States. -维护、保护和捍卫美国宪法。
- Long live George Washington, - 乔治·华盛顿万岁，
President of the United States. 合众国的总统。
- Integrity and firmness is all I can promise. -正直和坚定，是我所能保证的。 （1789年4月1日，写给亨利诺克斯的信）
These, be the voyage long or short,never shall forsake me, although I may be deserted by all men. 这些品质，无论航程是长是短，永远不会抛弃我，尽管，我可能被所有的人抛弃。
- What the heck is a president? Like, no one knew. - 总统到底是什么？没人知道。
He had to have enough gravitas and dignity to be seen as a leader of a nation in a world of monarchies. 他必须有足够的庄严和尊严，才能被视为一个君主制国家的领导人。
But on the other hand,he can't be monarchical in any way, or kingly,because people are terrified 但另一方面，他不能以任何方式，成为君主，或者国王，因为人们害怕，
that the nation's gonna slip right back into becoming a monarchy. 国家会倒退，会滑向君主制。 （乔安妮B.弗里曼，耶鲁大学）
And many people had a lot of misgivings about how much power this new centralized government was going to have. 许多人对这个，新的中央集权政府，将拥有多少权力，感到担忧。
- He could've been king,but that was not him. -他本可以成为国王，但那就不是他了。
He believed in what he was doing. 他坚信自己所做的一切。 （科林.鲍威尔将军）
It's those who really don't believe in what they are doing, who are just interested in power. 是那些不相信自己所做的事业的人，他们只对权力感兴趣。
He wasn't interested in power. He had power. 他对权力不感兴趣。他有权力。
-He's so conscious of that responsibility, - 他很清楚自己的责任，
the power of being a president without precedent, and that he's setting a model that others will follow. 没有先例的总统的权力，他树立了一个其他人将效仿的榜样。 (约翰.阿瓦隆，《华盛顿的告别》作者)
- He writes letters to a number of people and what he wants is, really,basic advice, like, -他给很多人写信，他想要的是一些基本的建议，比如，
"How accessible should I be to the American people? “我应该如何接近美国人民？”
"Should I accept dinner invitations? “我应该接受晚宴邀请吗？”
"Does a president shake hands with Americans? “总统会和美国人握手吗？”
What kind of clothing should a national leader wear?" 国家领导人应该穿什么样的衣服？”
He thinks again and again as to what he can do to prove to people that he's not some superhuman king. 他一次又一次地思考，他能做些什么来向人们证明，他不是什么“超人国王”。
Every day, at a certain time in the afternoon, he takes a walk around the block. 每天下午的某个时间，他都会绕着街区散步。
He looks at a steeple with a clock on it, sets his watch,and goes back to his work. 他看了看有时钟的尖塔，调了一下怀表，又回去工作了。
He's not in a carriage.He's in the muck of the street, 他不坐在马车里。他要走过街道上的垃圾堆，
and that's not accidental.He's making a statement-- 这并非偶然为之。他这样，就是在发表声明...
"I am just like you walking in the street." “我就像你们一样，走在街上。”
- To help him shape the presidency,Washington assembles some of the brightest minds in the country. - 为了帮助他塑造总统的形象，华盛顿召集了这个国家一些最聪明的人。
- James Madison is a scholarly fellow Virginian who has been very involved in the process of creating the Constitution. - 詹姆斯·麦迪逊（总统顾问）是弗吉尼亚的一位学者，他参与了宪法的制定过程。
- Madison is also Washington's speechwriter, and he has unbelievable sway and trust of the president. - 麦迪逊也是华盛顿的演讲稿撰写人，他对总统有着难以置信的影响力和信任。
- Thomas Jefferson is a Virginian who wrote the Declaration of Independence, 托马斯·杰斐逊（国务卿）是弗吉尼亚人，他写了《独立宣言》，
so he's someone who has a lot of political experience. 所以，他是一个政治经验丰富的人。
- Henry Knox had been with Washington since 1775. - 亨利·诺克斯（战争部长）自1775年以来，一直在华盛顿身边任职。
He had seen the army suffer. 他目睹了军队的苦难。
He had seen what happens when Congress can't pay its bills. 他见识过国会无力支付军饷的后果。 (琳赛M.切尔温斯基，白宫历史学家)
Alexander Hamilton was Washington's aide in the war, and he was loyal to Washington personally. 亚历山大·汉密尔顿（财政部长）是华盛顿在战争中的助手，对华盛顿很忠诚。
- They experienced the same challenges during the war, - 他们在战争期间，经历了同样的挑战，
dealing with Continental Congress, and that really shaped their politics. 与大陆会议打交道，这真正影响了他们的政治。
- Washington did not have a topflight education, - 华盛顿没有受过一流的教育，
but he admired people who did. 但他钦佩有受这样教育的人。
He wanted the best people that he could get on his team. 他想要最好的精英，加入他的团队。 （安妮特.戈登里德，普利策历史奖获得者）
- They don't always agree, - 他们并不总是，意见一致，
but that's not necessarily a concern to him because he thinks that actually makes for a stronger debate. 但这对他来说，并不一定要介意，因为他认为，这实际上会引发更激烈的辩论。
Right? "If there are different views, fine,have different views, 对吧? “如果有不同的观点，那很好，有了不同观点，
"and then I will consider the different views and come to a decision." “然后我会从不同的角度去考虑，然后做出决定。”
- You can tell a lot from leaders who like to empower other people, - 你可以从那些，喜欢授权给别人的领导者身上，看出很多，
who look for people who are good at things they are not, who know things they don't. 他们寻找那些“擅长他们不擅长的”，“知道他们不知道的”的人。
Washington was like that. 华盛顿就像“他们”。
- In his first 150 days, - 在他上任的头150天里，
Washington, his advisers,and the Congress worked together to invent the American government as we know it. 华盛顿、他的顾问们和国会共同努力，建立了我们所知道的美国政府。
- This is a enormously productive time. - 这是一个成果丰硕的时期。
Look at what they accomplished in that first year. 看看他们第一年的成就。
- They created the executive branch, the judiciary branch,the first tax laws. - 他们创立了行政部门、司法部门和第一部税法。 (道格拉斯.布拉德伯恩，弗农山庄的总经理兼CEO)
- The Bill of Rights that talked about the way the government could not infringe upon other people,the citizens' rights. - 《权利法案》规定政府不得侵犯他人的权利，即公民的权利。
- They set up the Patent Office. - 他们成立了专利局。
They strengthened a system of our economy. 他们加强了我们的经济体系。
There's a proclamation of Thanksgiving. 产生了一个过感恩节的正式宣告。 （11月第四个星期四）
- All these things were signed in one way or another by George Washington. - 所有这些都是乔治·华盛顿以这样或那样的方式签署的。
- It is this audacious experiment. -就是这个大胆的实验。
Washington and the Founding Fathers basically inspire a nationto strengthen its civic backbone,and in the process, 华盛顿和开国先贤们，基本上激励了一个国家，加强其公民支柱，在这个过程中，
it just creates the precedent that people can self-govern themselves, 它只是创造了一个先例，人们可以自我管理，
and I think we've lost sight of just how revolutionary that idea is. 而我认为，我们已经忽视了这个想法，在当时，是多么具有革命性。
- In June of 1790, - 在1790年6月，
Congress also chooses a site for a new capital city on the banks of the Potomac River, 国会还在波托马克河岸边，选择了一个新首都的地点，
what will one day become Washington, D.C. 这地方后来被称为：华盛顿哥伦比亚特区。
The plan is to build it by the end of the decade. 计划是在，这个世纪最后十年，结束前建成。
Until then, the government and the president take up temporary residence in Philadelphia. 在此之前，政府和总统将暂时居住在费城。
(1790年十二月，宾夕法尼亚州 费城)
- Please clear the table. -请收拾桌子。
Ensure that all the plates and silverware are put away before you leave. 在你们离开之前，确保所有的盘子和银器都放好。
- For the Washingtons,whose household is run by at least a half a dozen enslaved women and men, - 对于华盛顿一家来说，他们的家庭至少由六个被奴役的女人和男人经营，
living in Pennsylvania is problematic. 所以，居住在费城，就成了一个“棘手的麻烦”。
Governed by Quakers, 这个州由贵格会教派统治，
it's one of the first states to commit to ending slavery within its borders. 宾州是最早承诺，“在其境内，结束奴隶制”的几个州之一。
- The Gradual Abolition Act of 1780 stated - 1780年的《逐步废奴法案》规定，
that if you were a non-resident and you came to Pennsylvania, 如果你是一个非居民，你来到宾夕法尼亚州， （艾丽卡.阿姆斯特朗.邓巴，罗格斯大学）
you could bring your slaves with you, but you could only stay for a period of six months. 你可以带着你的奴隶，但你只能呆六个月。
- If an enslaved person was in Pennsylvania for more than six months, -如果一个被奴役的人,在宾夕法尼亚州呆了六个月以上， （达娜.拉梅.贝里，得克萨斯州立大学奥斯汀分校）
they could be granted their freedom. 他们就可以获得自由了。
- Hello, dearest. - 你好，亲爱的。
Christopher. 克里斯多弗。
Bring the president some tea and see that he is comfortable. 给总统倒杯茶，让他舒服点。
-Washington, like many other slave-holding presidents, - 华盛顿，像许多其他“蓄奴总统”一样，
is not willing to go without his slaves, 不愿意离开他的奴隶， （阿莱克西丝.科尔，乔治.华盛顿传记作家）
but he's also not willing to follow the rules, and so he finds a kind of loophole. 但他也不愿意遵守规则，所以他找到了一种漏洞。
- In case it shall be found that any of my slaves shall attempt their freedom at the expiration of six months, - 万一发现我的任何奴隶，在六个月期满时，企图获得自由，
it is my wish and desire that you would send them home, 我希望你能送他们回家， （1791年4月12日，给私人秘书托比亚斯.里尔的信）
for although I do not think they would be benefitted by the change, 因为，尽管我不认为，他们会从这种改变中受益，
the idea of freedom might be too great a temptation for them to resist. 自由的想法，对他们来说，可能是一个难以抗拒的巨大诱惑。
- Basically,they were to create a slave rotation plan. -基本上，他们要创建一个奴隶“轮班”计划。
Every six months,the Washingtons would rotate their slaves out of Pennsylvania back to Virginia. 每隔六个月，华盛顿一家，就会把他们的奴隶，从宾夕法尼亚转回弗吉尼亚。
And if that was too problematic or cumbersome, 如果这样做太麻烦或太繁琐，
a quick trip across the river to Trenton, New Jersey, would basically stop the clock on freedom. 那么就快速渡河，到新泽西州的特伦顿，基本上会让自由的时钟停摆。
- It behooves me to prevent the emancipation of them. - 我应该阻止他们的解放。
Otherwise, I shall not only lose the use of them, but may have them to pay for. 否则，我不仅将失去使用它们的能力，而且可能还要为此付费。
I wish to have it accomplished under pretext that may deceive both them and the public. 我希望，在一个可能欺骗他们和公众的借口下，完成这件事。
- You want him to take a leadership position on the slavery issue, -你想让他在奴隶制问题上，发挥领导作用，
and you're gonna be disappointed as you read his correspondence. 当你读到他的信件时，你会失望的。 （约瑟夫J.艾利斯，普利策历史奖获得者）
He doesn't think the way you want him to. 他不像你希望的那样思考。
He sees the slaves as his property that he can't afford to lose. 他认为奴隶是他的财产，他不能失去。
- Washington fears that abolishing slavery would divide the union into two. - 华盛顿担心，废除奴隶制会把联邦，一分为二。
The focus at that time was establishing the new nation. 当时的重点是，建立新国家。
So Washington was pushing the decision about what to do with the institution of slavery 所以，华盛顿把如何处理奴隶制的决定，推给了
to people that came after him. 他的继任者。
- America's reckoning over slavery is still decades in the future, - 美国对奴隶制的清算，还需要几十年的时间，
but Washington's about to face a more immediate threat to the nation-- 但华盛顿即将面临，对国家的更直接的威胁...
A call to arms against his own government. 号召武装起来，反对他自己的政府。
（1791年九月，宾夕法尼亚西部）
- More than two years into Washington's first term, - 华盛顿的第一个任期，已经过去两年多了，
the people are rising up over a new tax on whiskey, 人们开始反对对威士忌征收新税，
one the president signed into law. 这项新税，是总统签署的法律。
- He's approaching. - Come on. - 他来了。 - 开始吧。
- No more taxes! No more taxes! - 不要再征税！ 不要再征税！
- And now the tax collector is a target. - 现在收税员成了目标。
- No more taxes! - 不要再征税！
No more taxes! - Grab him! 不要再征税！ -抓住他！
No more taxes! - Come on! - 不要再征税！ - 来吧！
- No more taxes. No more taxes. - 不要再征税。- 不要再征税。
No more taxes!No more taxes! 不要再征税！不要再征税！
No more taxes! No more taxes! 不要再征税！不要再征税！
No more taxes!No more taxes! 不要再征税！不要再征税！
- Paying back the debt is a price of revolution. - 偿还债务，是独立战争的代价。
- You will not find me in disagreement, yet not everyone is drawing the same conclusion. - 你不会发现我不同意，但不是每个人都得出相同的结论。
- If they continue to doubt that we are one country,we will fail. - 如果他们继续怀疑，我们是一个国家，我们就会失败。
- The tax is the work of Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton, - 税收是财政部长亚历山大·汉密尔顿的工作，
who's also pushing for a national bank,another unpopular idea. 他也在推动设立国家银行，另一个不受欢迎的想法。
- So when the nation launches,it's deeply in debt. -所以当国家启动时，它就负债累累。 （乔安妮B.弗里曼，耶鲁大学）
There's no national financial superstructure of any kind. 没有任何一种全国性的，金融上层建筑。
Hamilton realizes that there needs to be a way to raise money to pay for aspects of governance. 汉密尔顿意识到，需要有一种方式，来筹集资金，来支付治理方面的费用。
He also wants to establish a standard that he can create this kind of tax and that people will abide by it and pay it. 他还想建立一个标准，他可以创造这种税，人们会遵守并缴纳它。
- Washington believed a strong and coherent federal government was the best bulwark against disunion and chaos. - 华盛顿认为，一个强大而连贯的联邦政府，是防止分裂和混乱的最好堡垒。 （乔恩.米查姆，普利策历史奖获得者）
- No more taxes! No more taxes! - 不要再征税！不要再征税！
No more taxes! No more taxes! 不要再征税！不要再征税！
- Take it off. - No more taxes! - 把这个拿掉。 - 不要再征税！
- Take it off! - No more taxes! - 把这个拿掉。 - 不要再征税！
- Come on! - 来吧！
- The whiskey tax ends up being very controversial - 威士忌税，最终引起了很大的争议，
because it hits very hard in the West where whiskey is almost a form of currency. 因为它对西部造成了很大的打击，在西部，威士忌几乎是一种货币。
- We're not talking about big whiskey producers. - 我们说的，不是大型威士忌生产商。 （阿莱克西丝.科尔，乔治.华盛顿传记作家）
We're talking about grain farmers. 我们说的是种粮食的农民。
They pay their rent in produce,in grain, and whiskey. 他们用农产品、谷物和威士忌来付房租。
- From the standpoint of lot of people in America, this is exactly what the British government had done. - 从很多美国人的角度来看，这正是英国政府所做的。 （H.W.布兰兹，得克萨斯州立大学奥斯汀分校）
And, my gosh, we're gonna have to fight against this the way we fought against the British when they were levying taxes. 我的天啊，我们得像当年英国征税时，我们反抗英国那样，反抗他们。
- Come on! - 来吧！
- Ha ha ha ha! -哈哈哈哈！
- People started saying, - 人们开始说，
"We've traded George III of Britain for George I of America,and we don't like this." “我们把英国的乔治三世，换成了美国的乔治一世，我们不喜欢这样。”
- Tell Mr. Hamilton he can keep his taxes. - 告诉汉密尔顿先生，他可以保留他的收税。
- The powers of the Presidency give you the right. - 总统的权力，赋予你这样的权利。
- Yes, but we must take care not to lay claim to more than we are due. -是的，但是我们必须注意，不要索取超出我们应得的东西。
- A true leader must make the right decisions, - 一个真正的领导者，必须做出正确的决定，
not the ones that will make everyone happy. 不是让每个人都快乐的那种。
- Happiness is not my aim. -快乐，不是我的目标。
What we must achieve is unity. 我们必须做到的是，团结。
- But dissent over Hamilton's financial plans is also causing a rift in Washington's inner circle. - 但对汉密尔顿财政计划的不同意见，也在华盛顿的核心圈子里，造成了裂痕。
Two of his closest advisers, 他最亲密的两位顾问，
Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, 托马斯·杰斐逊和詹姆斯·麦迪逊，
are quietly recruiting allies to oppose Hamilton's influence. 正在悄悄地招募盟友，来反对汉密尔顿的影响力。 （纽约城）
- Washington had the best team that he could get, - 华盛顿拥有他所能得到的，最好的团队，
and they eventually began to drift apart and into a rivalry. 他们最终开始疏远，并陷入竞争。
They were all revolutionaries together but they all didn't have the same idea about what the revolution was supposed to be about. 他们都是革命者，但他们对革命的意义，有不同的看法。 （安妮特.戈登里德，普利策历史奖获得者）
Now, 现在，
we would never speak ill of Washington. 我们永远不会说华盛顿的坏话。
He's a good man,the only man for the Presidency. 他是个好人，总统职位的唯一人选。
- But that a pugnacious upstart has corrupted his ear. - 但是一个好斗的暴发户，腐蚀了他的耳朵。
- I'm sure you have seen it for yourself. - 我相信，你们已经亲眼见过了。
No one carries more sway now than Hamilton. 现在，没有人比汉密尔顿，更有影响力了。
- And, uh, we need not look far for the consequences. - 而且，我们不需要往远看他的影响。
- The whiskey tax. - 威士忌税。
- It is a great disservice to the people. - 这就是对人民是极大的伤害。
- But at the end of the day,it is a merely a symptom of the far more troubling disease. - 但在一天结束的时候，这仅仅是一个更令人不安的疾病的症状。
- Jefferson believes that Washington always sides with Hamilton. - 杰斐逊认为，华盛顿总是站在汉密尔顿一边。
And for the most part he does because they share a strong belief in central government. 在很大程度上，他这么做，是因为他们对中央政府，有着强烈的信念。
-Jefferson is trying to flesh out the idea of creating a separate political party. - 杰斐逊试图，使创立一个独立政党的想法，变得具体化。
They don't see it as being anti-Washington. 他们不认为，这是反华盛顿。 （约翰.阿瓦隆，《华盛顿的告别》作者）
They feel like they're fighting to preserve the integrity of the revolution. 他们觉得，自己是在为维护革命的完整性而战。
- If we do not find a permanent way to check Hamilton's influence, -如果我们找不到一个永久的方法，来遏制汉密尔顿的影响，
he will destroy everything we have worked so hard to build. 他会毁掉，我们辛辛苦苦建立起来的一切。
-Jefferson and Madison don't assume that they're creating an organized opposition to the government. - 杰斐逊和麦迪逊并不认为,他们正在创建一个有组织的反对政府的组织。
What they assume is that they're trying to save the government from people who are warping it. 他们的假设是，他们正试图从扭曲政府的人手中，拯救政府。
- On the eve of the second presidential election, - 在第二次总统选举前夕， （1792年秋，宾夕法尼亚州费城）
Washington remains wildly popular with the public. 华盛顿仍然广受公众欢迎。
So Madison and Jefferson mount a campaign to change that. 所以麦迪逊和杰斐逊发起了一场运动，来改变这种状况。
- One of the things that drove the emergency parties was to write newspapers that aimed at a particular audience. - 推动紧急结成党派的做法之一，就是撰写针对特定受众的报纸。
People tended to read newspapers that supported their own positions. 人们倾向于阅读支持自己立场的报纸。
- There was a gazette in the United States that was seen as very pro-Washington's administration,a mouthpiece for Hamilton's views. - 美国有一份公报，被认为是非常亲华盛顿政府的，是汉密尔顿观点的喉舌。
- It's biased. - 这是有偏见的。
And so at an early point,Jefferson and Madison think, 所以在早期，杰斐逊和麦迪逊认为，
"We need another newspaper that has a different point of view," “我们需要另一家持不同观点的报纸，”
and they create the "National Gazette." 他们创办了《国家公报》。
- The newspaper is a betrayal in more ways than one. - 这份报纸在很多方面，都算是“背叛”。
Jefferson's put the publisher on the State Department payroll. 杰斐逊居然让国务院支付，给出版商的薪酬。
Washington's own government is unwittingly funding the attacks against his policies. 华盛顿自己的政府在无意中，资助了针对他自己政策的攻击。
- This is obviously, like,80 different kinds of shady. - 这显然有80种不同的阴影。
And his surrogate sons are the people spearheading these efforts underneath his nose. 而那些被他视若“继子”的人，就在他鼻子底下，带头在起劲儿地鼓噪。
He felt betrayed. 他感觉到背叛了。
He was a man in psychic pain. 他就是那个，在精神上受伤害的人。
And he didn't want to run for reelection. 他也不想竞选连任了。
He knew another four years could very well kill him. 他知道再过四年，这很可能会，要了他的命。
（1793年3月4日，宾夕法尼亚州 费城，总统就职日）
- You see me again entering upon the arduous duties of an important office. - 你看到我，又开始承担一个重要职位的艰巨任务了。 （1793年3月23日，给原副官大卫.汉弗莱的信）
And perhaps in no instance of my life have I ever been more sensible of the sacrifice than in the present. 也许在我的一生中，我从来没有像现在这样，感觉到这种牺牲。
For at my age,the love of retirement grows every day more and more powerful. 因为在我这个年纪，退休的愿望一天比一天强烈。
- Fetch me the box. - 把盒子给我拿来。
- Yes, sir. - 是的，先生。
- As Washington's about to embark on his second term in office, - 华盛顿即将开始他的第二个任期，
he's feeling the effects of his 61 years. 他感受到了61岁的年龄，对任期的影响。
In particular,a problem that's plagued him for decades. 尤其是一个，困扰他几十年的问题。
-George Washington suffered from a horrible dental disease. - 乔治·华盛顿患有一种可怕的牙病。
By the time he becomes President of the United States, 当他成为美国总统的时候， （艾丽卡.阿姆斯特朗.邓巴，罗格斯大学）
he has maybe one tooth left in his mouth. 他嘴里可能只剩下一颗牙了。
- He now relies on a contraption made from wires, screws, and hippopotamus ivory. -他现在依靠一个由金属丝、螺丝和河马长牙，磨制成的精巧装置。 （华盛顿的假牙）
The replacement teeth are not made of wood. 替代牙齿不是用木头做的。
They're real teeth,including some of his own that had fallen out. 这些都是真的牙齿，包括他自己掉下来的一些。
We know that he wanted them to look as natural as possible. 我们知道，他希望它们看起来，尽可能自然。
Farm animals, cows were used. 农场里的动物，比如用过奶牛的牙齿。
And we also know that those dentures were made from the teeth of enslaved people. 我们也知道，那些假牙是由奴隶的牙齿制成的。
- Washington actually paid money to have teeth removed, healthy teeth removed from enslaved people to be then be placed in his mouth. 华盛顿花钱请人把奴隶的健康牙齿拔掉，然后放在他的嘴里。 (达娜.拉梅.贝里，得克萨斯州立大学奥斯汀分校)
- We know this because it's written in his account books. -我们知道，是因为他的账簿上有记录
He would often pay them a couple of shillings for a tooth. 他经常给他们几先令，买一颗牙。
- This wasn't particular to him. - 这不是他独有的。
People of means would advertise for teeth in the newspaper. 有钱人会在报纸上登广告，收购牙齿。
And one of Washington's dentists said this. 华盛顿的一位牙医这样说。 （阿莱克西丝.科尔，乔治.华盛顿传记作家）
- The dentures are terribly painful to wear. - 假牙戴起来特别疼。
That sort of grimace on his face on the dollar bill, 他在美钞上的那张严苛的面容， （道格拉斯.布拉德伯恩，弗农山庄的总经理兼CEO）
angry Washington,I mean, a lot of that--has to do with his teeth. 生气的华盛顿，我的意思是，这在很大程度上...与他的牙齿有关。
- Well, that is done, then. -好吧，那就这么定了。
Now, let us hurry.Time is wasting. 现在，让我们快点吧。抓紧时间。
- Because of his dentures,he avoids public speaking. - 因为戴着假牙，他避免公开演讲。
But on this day,he'll have no choice. 但这一天，他别无选择。
Despite the rise in partisan attacks and dissension in his own cabinet, 尽管在他自己的内阁中，党派攻击和分歧有所增加，
Washington's been unanimously reelected and is preparing to take the oath of office for a second time. 华盛顿还是获得了一致的连任，并准备第二次宣誓就职。
-The presidency was taking a lot out of him, but Washington can't leave just yet. - 总统职位让他付出了很多，但华盛顿现在还不能离开。
If he does,everybody tells him the nation could very well descend into civil war. 如果他这样做，每个人都告诉他，这个国家很可能陷入内战。 (约翰.阿瓦隆，《华盛顿的告别》作者)
- He didn't want to be President. -他不想当总统。
He did it because there was no one else. 他这么做，是因为没有其他人。 （纳撒尼尔.菲尔布里克，国家图书获奖获奖作家）
He did it for the good of his country. 他这么做，是为了国家的利益。
- Fellow citizens, - 同胞们， （1793年3月4日，第二次就职演说）
I am again called upon by the voice of my country. 我再次被祖国的呼声召唤。
- Washington's second inaugural address is the shortest ever in American history-- - 华盛顿的第二次就职演说，是美国历史上最短的...
just 135 words. 只有135个字。
- I shall endeavor to express the high sense I entertain of this distinguished honor 我将努力表达，我对这一崇高荣誉的高度感受，
and of the confidence which has been reposed in me by the people of United America. 以及美利坚合众国人民对我的信任。
- In his first term, -在他的第一个任期内，
Washington built a nation. 华盛顿建立了一个国家。
Now, in his second,he must keep it together. 现在，在他的第二个任期，他必须保持这个国家团结。
But his trusted advisers, 但在他所倚重的顾问中，
especially Hamilton and Jefferson,are increasingly at odds over issues at home and abroad. 尤其是汉密尔顿和杰斐逊，在国内外问题上的分歧，越来越大。
Britain and France are once again at war. 英、法两国再次开战。
Washington wants nothing to do with the conflict. 华盛顿不想卷入这场冲突。
- He was concerned about keeping a fragile nation together - 他关心的是，如何保持一个脆弱的国家的团结，
and worried that outside influences might come in and stir things up 担心外部影响，可能会进来搅乱局势， （安妮特.戈登里德，普利策历史奖获得者）
and make it more difficult to remain unified. 使保持统一变得更加困难。
- He understood - 他明白，
that if the United States became a toy in this fight between Britain and France, 如果美国，在这场英法战争中，成为一个玩具， （H.W.布兰兹，得克萨斯州立大学奥斯汀分校）
if the United States took sides, 如果美国选边站，
then it would give the other side every incentive to try to destroy the United States. 那么，它就会给对方，任何试图摧毁美国的动机。
- Newspapers are debating both sides. - 报纸对双方都进行了辩论。
People are wearing French flags,and they're gathering outside the President's house. 人们戴着法国国旗，聚集在总统官邸外。
And within his Cabinet,he has Hamilton arguing for neutrality. 在他的内阁中，汉密尔顿主张中立。
- But Jefferson and Madison said, - 但是杰斐逊和麦迪逊说，
"France bailed us out.They're our friends. “法国救助了我们。他们是我们的朋友。
"They are the reason we won the war. “他们是我们赢得独立战争的原因。 （约翰.阿瓦隆，《华盛顿的告别》作者）
"We've got to back them in this." “我们必须在这件事上支持他们。”
Washington says, "Actually,our deal was with a king who no longer has a head." 华盛顿说：“实际上，我们的交易对象，是一个被砍了脑袋的国王。”
- Washington took upon himself to declare neutrality for the United States. - 华盛顿主动宣布，美国保持中立。
-Washington and Hamilton,they said, - 华盛顿和汉密尔顿，他们说，
"We need to be neutral."Because of that, they're castigated as pro-English. “我们需要保持中立。”正因为如此，他们被批评为“亲英派”。
And this is one of the key things in American history, 这是美国历史上的关键事件之一，
a fundamental dividing line that helps sparks partisan politics as we know it. 正如我们所知，这条基本分界线，有助于激发党派政治。
- Have you seen the papers? Hmm? - 你看报纸了吗？ 看了吗？ （1793年8月2日，内阁会议室）
This is a baseless charge,and it must be publicly address as such. 这是毫无根据的指控，必须公开说明。
- The government cannot be expected to respond every time an essay is published that offends you. - 不能指望政府，在每次冒犯你的文章发表时，都做出回应。
- The President is not the head of a party. - 总统不是政党的领袖。
He is the head of a nation. 他是一个国家的元首。
- A nation that ideologically only seems to run in one direction. - 这只不过是一个，似乎只朝着一个意识形态的方向，前进的国家。
- If you disagree with President's policies, - 如果你不同意总统的政策，
perhaps you should find more persuasive arguments! 也许你应该找到，更有说服力的论据！
- Or perhaps I-- - Enough! - 或者也许,我... - 够了！
- If I may. - 容我说几句吧。
I fear this is an argument that extends far beyond this room. 我恐怕这个争论，已经超出了这个会议室的范围。
They call it the funeral dirge of George Washington. 他们称之为乔治·华盛顿的“葬礼挽歌”。
- A king? - 一个国王？
So I wish to be a king,do I? 说我想当国王，是吗？
A tyrant? 一个暴君？
Is that what I am now? 这就是，我现在的样子吗？
I did not want this. 我真不想这样。
I never asked for any of this. 这一切，都不是我自找的。
My God!I should rather be in my grave than be made emperor of this world, 我的上帝! 我宁愿进坟墓，也不愿做这个世界的皇帝，
and they charge me with wanting to be a king? 而他们却指控我，想当国王？
Go on, then. 那就继续吧。
-Woodrow Wilson once said that, - 伍德罗·威尔逊曾经说过，
for some people, 对某些人来说，
words were more powerful than bullets and caused more pain. 言语比子弹更有力，造成的痛苦也更多。 （比尔.克林顿总统）
So Washington, frankly, 因此，坦白地说，华盛顿
compared to most other people who've been President, 与其他大多数总统相比，
escaped most of the words,but the one he didn't escape hurt him. 他躲过了大部分的话语，但他唯独没有躲过，伤害他的那句话。
- You know, in the 18th century when they worry about their "fame", they weren't worried about celebrity. -你知道，在18世纪，人们担心自己的“名声”，他们并不担心名气。
They were worried about their reputation. 他们担心自己的声誉。 (乔恩.米查姆，普利策历史奖获得者)
-American politics,American media during the 1790s were as nasty as they've ever been ever since. 美国政治，美国媒体在18世纪90年代是最肮脏的。
- The really critical editors would deliver three copies of their paper every day to the President's house, - 真正挑剔的编辑。会每天送三份报纸到总统家里， （琳赛M.切尔温斯基，白宫历史学家）
even after he cancelled their subscriptions, 甚至在总统取消了他们的订阅之后，
just to piss him off. 只是为了激怒他。
- But from Washington's perspective, - 但从华盛顿的角度来看，
freedom of the press came with what the American victory in the Revolutionary War was all about. 新闻自由伴随着，美国独立战争的胜利而来。
He was not one who was gonna abridge freedom of the press. 他不是那种，会限制新闻自由的人。
He wasn't gonna be the one who's gonna say, 他不会是那个说，
"Okay, we're gonna make this illegal." “好吧，我们要把这变成非法行为”的人。
- But with protests against the government's taxes growing more violent, -但随着反对政府税收的抗议活动，变得越来越暴力，
Washington's revolutionary ideals are about to face the ultimate test. 华盛顿的革命理想，即将面临最后的考验。
（1794年8月2日，宾夕法尼亚 匹兹堡）
- For three years, -三年来，
the people of Pennsylvania have refused to pay Alexander Hamilton's whiskey tax. 宾夕法尼亚州的人民拒绝支付，亚历山大·汉密尔顿的“威士忌税”。
Now,when federal marshals arrived to enforce the law, 现在，当联邦法警来执行法律时，
a mob of 7,000 armed rebels respond by marching on Pittsburgh to run them out of town. 7000名武装的叛乱暴民向匹兹堡进军，将他们赶出了匹兹堡。
- A lot of the people who resented and opposed this have been soldiers in the revolution. - 很多对此表示不满，并且反对的人。都是独立革命时期的士兵。 （H.W.布兰兹，得克萨斯州立大学奥斯汀分校）
They knew how to take up arms. 他们知道，如何拿起武器。
- It's not just a matter that there are people in Western Pennsylvania who don't want to pay a whiskey tax. - 这不仅仅是在西宾夕法尼亚，有人不想付威士忌税的问题。 （乔安妮B.弗里曼，耶鲁大学）
The power of the government and the authority of the government is being tested. 政府的权力和权威正在受到考验。
- There weren't very many laws, federal laws,that touched individual lives. - 当时没有多少法律，联邦法律，触及到个人生活。
Most laws that people encountered were state laws. 人们当时遇到的大多数法律，都是州法律。
But this was one of those rare ones, 这是少之又少的情况，
and so does the federal government have the authority to enforce these laws? 那么联邦政府有权力，执行这些法律吗？
Can it in effect defend itself? 它能有效地保护自己吗？
- So Hamilton encourages that there should be armed forces sent to western Pennsylvania to quash this rebellion - 因此，汉密尔顿鼓励，应该派遣武装部队到宾夕法尼亚州西部，镇压叛乱，
and really show that the government can enforce its mandates. 并真正表明，政府可以执行其命令。
- Many persons have been hardy enough to perpetrate acts which amount to treason, - 许多人的胆大妄为，足以构成叛国罪， （1794年8月7日，总统关于执法的公告）
being overt acts of levying war against the United States. 因为，他们公然对美国发动战争。
- Washington issues a proclamation ordering the rebels to disperse or face the consequences. - 华盛顿发布公告，命令叛军解散，否则后果自负。
- It is in my judgment necessary to call forth the militia to cause the laws to be duly executed. 在我看来，有必要召集民兵，使法律得到适当执行。
The essential interest of the union demand it. 联邦的根本利益，要求这样做。
- By October 1794, - 到1794年十月，
nearly 12,000 militia men from four states are assembled on Washington's orders to end the uprising. 在华盛顿的命令下，来自四个州的近1.2万名民兵聚集在一起，以结束骚乱。
Washington, now 62, 华盛顿，现在已是62岁了，
and Hamilton are back in uniform to personally command the operation. 和汉密尔顿重披戎装，亲自指挥这次行动
- Think about that. He's President -想想吧，他可是个总统，
and leading an army potentially against other Americans. 并领导一支，可能对抗其他美国人的军队。
That's a quirky moment, right? 这是一个怪异的时刻，对吧？
We haven't, since then,had a President in uniform leading an army in that way. 从那以后，我们再也没有一位身着军服的总统，以这种方式领导军队。
- Rules matter.Law matters. - 规则很重要。法律很重要。
You're bound together by a notion of law. 人们是被一种法律观念，联系在一起的。 （安妮特.戈登里德，普利策历史奖获得者）
That was very important to him. 这对他来说，非常重要。
- But Washington wants to show that the federal government is willing to use force. 但是，华盛顿希望表明，联邦政府愿意使用武力。
He doesn't want to use force. 他不想使用武力。
He wants to provide a way for the rebels to sort of back out. 他想为叛军，提供一条退路。
（1794年10月9日，宾夕法尼亚州 卡莱尔）
- Alarmed by the number of troops mustering against them, - 叛军对集结起来，对付他们的部队数量，感到震惊，
the rebels send their spokesman to meet face to face with the President. 叛军派他们的发言人，与总统面对面会晤。
- I believe the army camped outside this door cannot be misunderstood. - 我相信驻扎在这门外的军队，不会被误解。
But in case there is any confusion,let me make this clear. 但如果有任何困惑，让我先澄清一下。
Rebellion... 叛乱...
will not be tolerated by myself or this nation. 是我和这个国家，都不会容忍的。
Now, I understand and sympathize with your position. 现在，我理解并同情你们的处境。
These people are your family,your friends, neighbors. 这些人是你的家人，朋友，邻居。
Your concerns are valid. 你们的担心，是有道理的。
I believe, together, 我相信，只要同心，
we can work towards a solution that benefits us all... 我们可以努力找到一个对大家都有利的解决方案...
after you offer your complete and unequivocal submission. 那是在你们提交完整，而明确的投降书之后。
You may go now. 你们可以走了。
- What now? -现在怎么办？
- I will return to Philadelphia. - 我要回费城。
You remain in command here. 这里，由你来指挥。
March the militia west and end this uprising for good. 让民兵向西进军，永远结束这场暴动。
- It would be my pleasure. - 这是我的荣幸。
- I do not want anyone killed. - 我不想有人被杀。
If necessary, make arrests. 如有必要，进行逮捕。
- Arrests? - This... -逮捕？ -这是...
is a matter for the courts. 这是法庭的事。
And we are not executioners. 我们不是刽子手。
- Of course, sir. - 当然了，先生。
-It doesn't come to the kind of blows that it might have come to.And in large part, - 它没有像以前那样受到打击。在很大程度上，
this was precisely because Washington understood the moment. 这正是因为，华盛顿了解这个时刻。
He's not really treating them as enemies. 他并没有把他们当成敌人。
He didn't--He doesn't chase them down. 他没有...他没有在逼他们。
He doesn't try to destroy them. 他没有试图摧毁他们。
He simply disperses them. 他只是瓦解他们。
- If Washington wasn't Washington,I'm almost certain that some-- - 如果华盛顿不是华盛顿，我几乎可以肯定... （约瑟夫J.艾利斯，普利策历史奖获得者）
that the republic would have fallen apart in the 1790s,in its early years, 这个共和国，会在18世纪90年代解体，就在它的早期，
as almost all republics do. 就像几乎所有的共和国一样。
- Washington's foresight was to understand the power of a national government. - 华盛顿的远见，在于他理解了国家型政府的力量。
You have an allegiance to an idea that's put forth under the federal constitution which makes the country. 你要忠于联邦宪法所提出的理念，正是联邦宪法造就了这个国家。
- Washington's whole point was that they had a special responsibility to validate the idea of self-government. - 华盛顿的全部观点是，他们有一种特殊的责任，来证实自治的想法。 （约翰.阿瓦隆，《华盛顿的告别》作者）
That it was our responsibility collectively. 这是我们共同的责任。
It's one of the reasons Washington adopted the mantle of presidency against his personal wishes. 这也是华盛顿违背个人意愿，而担任总统的原因之一。
It's why he stayed on for a second term when he really wanted to go back to the farm. 这就是为什么，当他真的很想回到农场时，他还会继续留任第二任期的原因。
- After nearly eight years in office, - 在执政近8年之后，
and with the country's partisan divide deepening, 随着美国党派分歧的加深，
George Washington declines to stand for a third term. 乔治·华盛顿拒绝竞选第三任期。
- Many people who started with him in the Cabinet are now in opposition. - 很多和他一起进入内阁的人，现在都是反对党。
He's seen his friends disappear and finds himself alone. 他看到他的朋友消失了，发现自己已然成了孤家寡人。 （道格拉斯.布拉德伯恩，弗农山庄的总经理兼CEO）
He wants to go home and get away from the vipers in politics. 他想回家，远离政界的毒蛇们。
- When he eventually retires,Thomas Paine writes, - 当他最终退休时，托马斯·潘恩写道，
"We're pleased to see you go," “我们很高兴，看到你走，”。
and asked the question 接着，又问道，
"whether you have simply lost all your integrity or whether you ever had any." “不管你已完全失去了正直，还是你曾经拥有过正直。”
This is George Washington. 这是乔治·华盛顿。
Think about that.That's what they're saying. 想想吧。他们就是这么说的。
- But outside the political elite, - 但在政治精英之外，
among the public, 在公众当中，
Washington is revered as the father of his country, the man who delivered the nation its freedom. 华盛顿被尊为“国父”，是他为美国带来了自由。
- He could have served for three terms, four terms, -他本可以连任三届、四届，
five terms.As long as he was alive, 五届。只要他还活着，
he would have been President of the United States because of his reputation as a man who could be trusted, 他本可以成为美国总统，因为他是一个值得信赖的人，
as a man who put country ahead of himself. 作为一个，把国家放在第一位的人。
People at the time understood 当时的人们明白，
that the main threat to a republic was a demagogue who would seek power for himself, 对一个共和国的主要威胁，是一个为自己寻求权力的煽动家，
and Washington wasn't that person. 而华盛顿不是那个人。
- Washington himself believed there cannot be a monarch. - 华盛顿本人认为，“君主制”不可能存在。
There cannot be a person who lives on and just dies in office. 不可能有一个人，在他的职位上，一直活到他死。
- It's hard to overstate how that and the peaceful transfer of power is revolutionary, - 这怎么说都不为过，即“和平权力转移”的革命性，
almost as revolutionary as the war itself. 几乎和独立战争本身一样，具有革命性。
- For nearly 150 years after that, - 在那之后的近150年里，
every subsequent President,even in the absence of a constitutional amendment to that effect, 每一位总统，即使没有这样的宪法修正案，
had to step down,because they all faced the challenging question 也不得不下台，因为他们都面临着，一个具有挑战性的问题：
"So you think you're better than Washington?" “所以你认为，你比华盛顿更好？”
And no one was willing to answer that in the affirmative. 没有人愿意肯定地，回答这个问题。
- George Washington's presidency ends on the afternoon of March 4th, 1797,when his successor - 1797年3月4日下午，乔治·华盛顿的总统任期结束，他的继任者
John Adams is sworn in. 约翰·亚当斯宣誓就职。
- In that retirement,which is his voluntary choice,that he long lived to enjoy the delicious recollection of his services. - 在这种自愿选择的隐居生活中，他将会活得很长，享受着他服务的美好回忆。 （1797年3月4日，约翰.亚当斯的就职演说）
- In his inaugural address, - 在他的就职演说中，
John Adams, never Washington's biggest fan, sends him off with a soaring tribute. 约翰·亚当斯从来都不是华盛顿的忠实粉丝，他却向他致以了崇高的敬意。
- His name may be still a rampart - 他的名字就是一道壁垒，
and the knowledge that he leaves a bulwark 而他留下的知识，筑城了一道护堤，
against all open and secret enemies of his country's peace. 抵御一切破坏国家和平的，公开或秘密的敌人。
- Stop here. - 停车。
I thought it would be nice to walk the rest of the way. 我想剩下的路，最好还是走着回去吧。
- That sounds lovely. - 听起来不错啊。
- Washington was so excited to go home. - 华盛顿回家，显得很兴奋。
He was so excited to be on his plantation. 他很兴奋能回到自己的种植园。
He was going to complete the renovations to his house. 他打算完成他房子的装修。
Finally, he was gonna be able to do the experiments he wanted to do in the garden. 终于，他可以在花园里，做他想做的实验了。
- Lovely, isn't it? - 很可爱，不是吗？
- Beautiful. - 真漂亮。
- Washington has held many titles in his long life, General, Commander,and President. - 华盛顿在他漫长的一生中，获得过许多头衔，将军、总司令和总统。
Now, in one history-making moment,he becomes simply citizen. 现在，在一个历史性的时刻，他成为了一个普通的公民。
1799年12月14日，弗吉尼亚州 弗农山庄
- After two decades of public service, - 在为公众服务了20年之后，
George Washington's long-awaited return to private life is being cut short. 乔治·华盛顿期待已久的，回归私人生活的时间，被缩短了。
-He ends up getting two and a half years of retirement in Mount Vernon. - 他最终在弗农山庄，享受了两年半的退休生活。 （约瑟夫J.艾利斯，普利策历史奖获得者）
He deserves more than that,and he wanted more than that. 他应该得到更多，他想要更多。
- That is it. - 就这样吧。
I am sending for the doctor. 我派人去请医生。
- Washington catches what is a throat disease. - 华盛顿得了喉炎。
Now he would be cured with antibiotics in a matter of hours. 现代，只要服用抗生素，几个小时后，就能治好他。
- Stay with me, old man. - 别离开我，老家伙。
- Martha. - 玛莎。
- Washington believes in bloodletting. - 华盛顿相信“放血疗法”。 （阿莱克西丝.科尔，乔治.华盛顿传记作家）
It's considered modern medicine at the time. 这在当时，被认为是“现代医学”。
It's literally cutting someone and bleeding them. 其实就是切割血管，让人流血。
What we would consider nowadays a release of toxins. 我们现在所认为的“毒素释放”。
He's bled over and over again at his own request. 他在自己的要求下，一次又一次地“放血”。
- More. - 再多放点儿。
- I mean,it's prolonged torture,and he's not improving. -我是说，这是长时间的折磨，而且他没有好转。
My breath cannot last long. 我的呼吸，持续不了多久。
- And eventually he says, - 最后他说，
"Stop. I'm just going." “停了吧。我要走了。”
Wait...three days... 就等...三天...
to put my body in the vault. 把我的尸体，放进地窖。
-He says, "Wait three days to bury me." - 他说，“等三天，再埋葬我”
He wants them to be sure that he's actually dead. 他想让他们确定，他真的死了。
It's such an interesting concern and worry. 这是一个非常“有趣的担忧”。
- It maybe speaks to his need for control. -这可能说明，他对掌控的需要。
- George Washington's epic life ends sometime between 10:00 and 11:00 on the night of December 14th, 1799. - 乔治·华盛顿史诗般的一生，在1799年12月14日晚上10点到11点之间结束。
He was 67 years old. 他享年67岁。
- When he died,it was really clear that an age of American history had ended. 当他去世的时候，美国历史上的一个时代显然已经结束了。 (H.W.布兰兹，得克萨斯州立大学奥斯汀分校)
- Given Washington's symbolic as well as political importancein the founding of the nation, - 考虑到华盛顿在建国过程中的，象征意义和政治重要性， (乔安妮B.弗里曼，耶鲁大学)
his death had an enormous impact. 他的去世，产生了巨大的影响。
There was a huge response. 这引起了巨大的反响。
Enormous funeral processions and ceremonies held throughout the nation. 全国各地举行了庞大的送葬队伍和各种仪式。
People understood that this was the passing of a moment. 人们明白，这只是亡故的一刻。
-When Washington is buried,it's at home. -当华盛顿被埋葬时，他是安葬在家里。
He wants to be at Mount Vernon,as he always did. 他想留在弗农山庄，一如既往。
There are many in attendance,with one notable exception-- 出席葬礼的人很多，但有一个明显的例外...
Martha Washington. 玛莎·华盛顿。
She stays in the house. 她呆在房子里。
Whatever existed between the two of them, 无论他们之间存在什么，
their relationship, 他们的关系，
her sadness over his death, 她对他的死的悲伤，
we don't know... 我们都不知道…
because she didn't want us to. 因为，她不想让我们知道。
- At some point after her husband's death, - 在她丈夫死后的某个时候，
Martha Washington destroys nearly all of the letters they'd written to each other over their 40 years of marriage. 玛莎·华盛顿销毁了他们40年来，写给彼此的几乎所有信件。
-There's not very many letters that exist between them. - 他们之间，没有多少信件。
One of them in particular,we know is the "My Dearest" letter. 我们都知道，其中一封是“至我最亲爱的”的信。 （道格拉斯.布拉德伯恩，弗农山庄的总经理兼CEO）
It was discovered in a writing desk 它是在一张写字台里发现的，
that had been owned by Martha Washington, 这张写字台曾属于玛莎·华盛顿，
kind of behind one of the drawers by one of Martha's descendants in the 1840s. 是在19世纪40年代，玛莎的一个后代，在台子的一个抽屉后面发现的。
- My dearest, - 我亲爱的玛莎， （1775年6月23日，从费城写给玛莎的信）
as I am within a few minutes of leaving this city, 因为我还有几分钟，就要离开这座城市了，
I could not think of departing from it without dropping you a line. 我不能不给你写封信，就离开这里。
I retain an unalterable affection for you, 我对你的爱，是不变的，
which neither time or distance can change. 即使时间和距离，都无法改变它。
With the utmost truth and sincerity,your entire,George Washington. 以最大的真实和诚恳，属于你的，乔治·华盛顿。
-Martha lives out the rest of her days quite quietly. - 玛莎平静地度过了她的余生。
She passes from old age quite peacefully at home and is interned next to Washington. 她在家中平静地度过晚年，后被安葬在华盛顿身边。
华盛顿墓葬原址
- In Washington's last will and testament, - 在华盛顿最后的遗嘱中， （达娜.拉梅.贝里，得克萨斯州立大学奥斯汀分校）
he stipulates that the enslaved people will be granted their freedom when Martha dies, 他规定玛莎死后，家中被奴役的人，都将获得自由，
except for William Lee,who he gives-- 除了威廉·李，他当即...
grants his freedom right away. 就授予了他自由权。
- Lee, who served by Washington's side in the war, - 李在独立战争中，为华盛顿服务，
suffered injuries in two separate accidents before Washington's presidency, 在华盛顿担任总统之前，他在两次不同的事故中受伤，
making him physically unable to continue serving as Washington's valet. 这使他无法继续担任，华盛顿的贴身男仆。
He spends the rest of his life at Mount Vernon. 他将在弗农山庄度过余生。
- Lee was given the option of immediate emancipation and an annuity of $30 a year. - 李获得了立即解放的选择权，和每年30美元的年金。 （艾丽卡.阿姆斯特朗.邓巴，罗格斯大学）
He was to be taken care of. 他应该得到照顾。
So it's a moment where we see Washington's thoughts, 所以在这个时刻，我们看到了华盛顿的内心思想，
his changing feelings and sentiments about slavery revealed. 看得出，他改变了对奴隶制的感受和看法。
- Now, you can say he doesn't free him in his own life, 现在，你可以说，他在自己的活着的时候，没有解放他，
but he's the only member of the Virginia dynasty to do this. 但他是那个所谓“弗吉尼亚王朝”中唯一一个这样做的人。 （指在联邦政府任职，出身弗吉尼亚奴隶主的人们）
Jefferson doesn't do it. 杰佛逊就没这样做。
Madison doesn't do it.Monroe doesn't do it. 麦迪逊没这么做。门罗不会这么做。
Patrick Henry doesn't do it. 帕特里克·亨利也不会这么做。
-And we have to recognize it as significant as the first President of the United States,as a founder, - 我们必须认识到它的重要性，作为美国的第一任总统，作为开国元勋，
that his decision to emancipate his slaves meant something. 他把他的奴隶解放了，这意味着什么。
And it also signaled that slavery eventually would come to an end. 这也标志着，奴隶制最终将走向终结。
- He knew even at the time that his mark on history would be a large footprint. - 他当时就知道，他在历史上留下的印记，将是一个巨大的足迹。
And I think he was thinking ahead in ways that we don't necessarily think about today. 我认为，他是在以我们今天不一定会想到的方式，进行思考。
- George Washington had a remarkable sense that he was performing - 乔治·华盛顿表现出，他有一种非凡的感觉，
not only to lead people in his own time but for all time. 他不仅要领导自己那个时代的人民，而且要领导所有时代的人民。
- 15 miles north of Washington's final resting place sits the capital city that now bears his name. - 在华盛顿最后安息之地，以北15英里处，坐落着以他的名字命名的首都。
It's the beating heart of George Washington's real legacy-- 这是乔治·华盛顿真正遗产中，跳动的心脏——
the government he fought to create 他努力创建的政府，
and then pass to future generations 然后传给了后代，
along with some advice on how to keep it alive. 并就如何保持它的活力，提出了一些建议。
- Friends and fellow citizens, - 朋友们，同胞们， （1796年9月19日，华盛顿的告别演说）
the unity of government which constitutes you one people 使你们形成为一个民族的，是这个政府的统一
is also a main pillar of your real independence. 也是你们真正独立的主要支柱。
- Washington's farewell address is a political last will and testament. - 华盛顿的告别演说，是一份政治遗嘱。
This is the sum total of his hard-won wisdom explicitly written for you. 这是他来之不易的智慧的总和，明确地为你写的。
- Let me warn you against the baneful effects of the spirit of party. - 让我警告你们，“结党拉派精神”的有害影响。
- And if you keep these principles in mind,you'll be fine. If you don't, -如果你牢记这些原则，你会没事的。如果你不这样做，
there can be real trouble ahead. 前方可能会有真正的麻烦。
- It opens the door to foreign influence and corruption. - 它为来自外国的影响和腐败，打开了大门。
- He laid out the warnings about how we have to protect this system we have created. -他向我们提出了忠告，关于如何必须保护，我们创造的这个体制。
- Cunning, ambitious,and unprincipled men will be unable to subvert the power of the people. - 狡猾的、野心勃勃的、没有原则的人，将无法颠覆人民的权力。
- He understood that this was still a very fragile experiment, - 他知道，这仍然是一个非常脆弱的实验，
and he had no idea this is gonna last 200 years. 但他没想到，这个实验会持续200年。
- Citizens by birth or choice, - 出生在这里，或选择来这里的公民们，
the name of American which belongs to you must always exalt the just pride of patriotism. 拥有“美国人”的名字的人们，必须永远高昂着，爱国正义的自豪。
- Ever since George Washington, people looking at us and have been betting against America. -自从乔治·华盛顿以来，人们看着我们，并一直在“押注看衰”美国。
So far,they've all lost money. 到目前为止，他们都赔钱了。
- I shall carry it with me to my grave - 我将带着这句话，躺进我的坟墓：
that the free Constitution,which is the work of your hands, 你们亲手创造的自由宪法
may be sacredly maintained. 将得到神圣的维护。
- There are very few Washington-like figures in American history-- - 在美国历史上，很少有像华盛顿这样的人物——
people who-- they weren't perfect, 他们...并不完美，
but you had a sense that,when the crisis came, when the winds were howling,when the wolf was at the door, 但你有一种感觉，当危机来临时，当风暴在咆哮，当恶狼在门口时，
you would want them in charge. 你会希望，由他们来掌权。
-Washington did a good job in making our union more perfect. - 华盛顿在使我们的联邦，更加完善方面，做得很好。
And I think America has no idea how indebted to him they are. 我认为，美国人不知道他们自己欠他多少恩情。
- Washington is the embodiment of America's self-evident truth. - 华盛顿是美国不言而喻的，真理的化身。
He is the foundingest father of them all. 他是开国先贤中，最有奠基性的一位。
Adams is his best read. 亚当斯博览群书。
Jefferson is the most intellectually sophisticated. 杰弗逊心智缜密。
Benjamin Franklin is,in some ways, the wisest. 在某些方面，本杰明.富兰克林才智超群。
Washington's the greatest. 华盛顿则是最伟大的。
No question about it. 无容置疑。
Primus inter pares--first among equals. 众贤之首--拔绝同侪。
华盛顿 第三集完 翻译：hardstick 校订：hardstick 时间轴：hardstick